Liu Xin
Liu Xin
Liu Xin (50-23 BC) was born in Chang'an County, Jingzhao county (now Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province). He is a minister of the imperial clan and a Confucian scholar in the Western Han Dynasty. He is the grandson of Liu Jiao V, king of the Yuan Dynasty of Chu, and the son of Liu Xiang, a Confucian scholar.
When the Han Dynasty became emperor, Huang menlang was taught by virtue of his mastery of Confucian classics and writing. He went to Tianlu pavilion with his father and was responsible for collating and revising the National Library. During the reign of emperor AI of the Han Dynasty, he changed his name to Liu Xiu and made friends with Wang Mang, a powerful official. He successively served as the commander of Zhonglei, the Minister of Shizhong, the commander of qiduwei, the commander of Fengche, the doctor of Guanglu, the doctor of Youcao and the doctor of Taizhong. In the 23rd year of the emperor, he attempted to kill Wang Mang.
As the inheritor of ancient Chinese classics, he compiled Shanhaijing with his father Liu Xiang. He is not only accomplished in Confucianism, but also a great master in school exploration, astronomy and calendar, history, poetry and so on. The compilation of the "three unified calendar" shows that Chengwei is the rudiment of the earliest astronomical calendar in the world. In addition, he made a contribution to the calculation of PI, and determined that the important constant was 3.15471, only slightly less than 0.01312, which was known as "Liu Xin's ratio".
Life of the characters
Liu Xin (about 50 B.C. - 23 A.D.), the word Zijun, was born unknown. In the last years of the Western Han Dynasty, he changed his name to Liu Xiu in the first year of Jianping (6 BC). After he annotated the book of mountains and seas, he wrote to Liu Xin, Emperor AI of the Han Dynasty, that is, he called himself "Xiu".
When Liu Xin was a young man, he learned modern poems and books, and later he studied modern poems, such as Yi and Gu Liang Chun Qiu. He was summoned by Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty to be able to learn Confucian classics and to be good at writing. He was Huang men Lang, who was waiting for the imperial edict. In the third year of Heping (26bc), Emperor chengdi of the Han Dynasty entered tianluge with his father to collate and revise the books collected by the state, which gave Liu Xin a chance to get in touch with all kinds of rare books of the royal family at that time. Liu Xin sat on these Royal collections and studied them eagerly.
Emperor AI of Han Dynasty succeeded to the throne, and the power gradually fell into the hands of Wang Mang. Liu Xiang died in the first year of Jianping. Liu Xin once worked together with Wang Mang, and they had a close relationship. They resumed the post of Zhonglei Xiaowei, moved to serve Zhongzhong and Taizhong doctors, moved to qiduwei, Fengche Duwei and Guanglu doctor, and became prominent figures. Later, because of the disagreement with the people at that time, he asked for a foreign post. After the death of emperor AI of Han Dynasty, Wang Mang appointed Liu Xin as the right doctor of Cao Taizhong. After falling into the political whirlpool, Liu Xin tried to break free. Wang Mang's murder
Main achievements
He is the master of the five classics, the unfinished business of his stepfather, and a group of books. According to the style of bielu, it is more known as liulue, which also narrates the advantages and disadvantages of each school. It is always called Jilue. It should be taken as an example, and it is always called qilue. It's the first book in China. Description of 13219 volumes of books. Its classification system has great influence on later generations. Since then, the seven records by Wang Jian of Song Dynasty, the seven records by Liang Ruan Xiaoxu, the seven forests by Xu Shanxin of Sui Dynasty and the seven records by Zheng Yin of Song Dynasty all adopted the seven division method. This classification was popular in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The catalogues compiled in the Eastern Han Dynasty, such as Lantai shubu, dongguanxinji and renshouge Xinji, were based on qilue. The original book has been lost, and its main contents are preserved in the Hanshu Yiwenzhi.
significant contribution
Liu Xin's first contribution in the history of Confucian classics was that he found a number of late pre Qin classics, which were not lost. Because of Liu Xin's advocacy, these ancient classics were widely known to the society and scholars, so they continued to learn.
Liu Xin's second contribution in the history of Confucian classics is that he opened up a new way to interpret the classics with words and history. In order to carry forward the ancient classics, Liu Xin and others attached great importance to exegesis, not only to read the classics, but also to interpret the classics according to the font and strokes of the ancient texts.
Liu Xin's third contribution in the history of Confucian classics is to break the monopoly of modern Confucian classics on Confucianism and open up the development path of ancient Confucian classics. If it is Dong Zhongshu who initiated the study of modern classical Chinese classics, then the study of ancient classical Chinese classics, which attaches great importance to the system of names and objects, is Liu Xin who opened the door.
Liu Xin made a great contribution to the collation of the classics of the five classics. When Emperor AI of Han Dynasty ascended the throne, Liu Xin suggested that Zuo Shi Chun Qiu, Mao Shi, Yi Li and Gu Wen Shang Shu should be listed in the official list. Emperor AI issued an imperial edict to consult his subordinates on the opinions of Dr. Zuozhuan. At the same time, he asked Liu Xin to discuss the meaning of the scriptures with the doctors of jinwenjing.
Collation of books
After more than 20 years of efforts, Liu Xiang and Liu Xin have successfully completed the first large-scale book sorting and cataloging work organized by the government in Chinese history. In this work, Liu Xin created a set of scientific methods. In order to correct and collate the text of books, they first had many books, searched widely for different books; then selected the titles, removed the repetition; then corrected the mistakes and simplified, collated the text; finally determined the title of the book, transcribed the new version, sorted out a total of 33090 volumes of books, collected in tianluge and Shiquge, established the first national library, and provided reference for the spread of ancient books in the pre Qin period It has made a great contribution from the official collection to the popularization of the folk collection. Their systematic methods of collating ancient books have brought forth such knowledge as collation, identification of forgeries and textual research.
On the basis of his father Liu Xiang's compilation of Bie Lu, Liu Xin compiled a comprehensive catalogue of books classification, Qi Lue, which is the first catalogue of books classification in China. It is a work of academic value. Qilue consists of seven volumes, of which Jilue is the description of the whole book. The remaining six volumes are liuyilue, zhuzillue, Shifu Lue, bingshulue, shushulue and fangjilue. The books are divided into six categories, 38 kinds, 603 families and 13219 volumes. "Distinguishing the academic chapters and examining the origin and development of the mirror" in qilue adds a small preface to each category, explaining its academic origin and the meaning of the category. It not only has a great role in promoting the academic development at that time, but also has a far-reaching impact on the bibliography of later generations, and has become a model of Chinese catalog books. Yishu Taichang doctor is an important document in the history of Confucian classics. It is used to make the measuring instrument "lujialiang", which is a cylindrical standard measuring instrument. According to the calculation of the inscription on the measuring instrument, the PI used is 3.1547, which is known as "Liu Xin ratio".
Under the leadership of Liu Xiang and Liu Xin, the work of collating group books has created a whole set of scientific methods. In order to collate and collate the text of the book, they first had many copies and searched widely for different versions; then they selected the title and removed the repetition; then they corrected the mistakes and simplified the text; finally, they collated the title of the book and transcribed the new version. A total of 33090 volumes of books have been sorted out. One of the important tasks of Liu's father and son's collation of ancient books is to compile a catalogue. First of all, after each book has been collated and transcribed, Liu will collect its contents, narrate its purport, and write a narration, which is the summary of future generations. Then, he collected the narratives of each book and copied them into a book according to the category, which is called bielu. This is mainly accomplished by Liu Xiang. Finally, on the basis of bielu, Liu Xin further processed it and compiled a comprehensive classified catalogue of books, qilue.
Liu Xin originally studied poetry, book, book of changes and Gu Liang Zhuan from his father, and he was very accomplished in Confucian classics. In the process of collating the secret collection of books, he found the Chunqiu Zuoshi Zhuan, which was copied from the ancient writings of the pre Qin period, and he especially loved it. As a result, he learned from Yin Cheng and Zhai Fangjin, who had learned from Zuo Zhuan, and consulted many problems and their theories in the book. At the same time, he discussed and analyzed the content of Zuo Zhuan with his father Liu Xiang. In Zuozhuan, he also said, "to teach children and grandchildren, down to women, all read and recite." Comparing Zuo Zhuan with Gongyang Zhuan and Guliang Zhuan, which were established in the Academy at that time, he thinks that "Zuo Qiuming likes and dislikes the same as sages, and sees the master personally, while Gongyang and Guliang are different in details when they are seventy years old." The value of Zuozhuan is above Gongyang and Guliang.
Jin Wen Jing Xue: Liu Xin, as a famous scholar in the late Western Han Dynasty, once sharply criticized Jin Wen Jing Xue, which was very popular since the middle of the Western Han Dynasty. He thought that the Jinwen Scripture was characterized by word analysis and tiresome words, and scholars could not study one of its skills to stop the old age. He could not achieve the goal of moralizing the people by using less time and more virtue. Therefore, he asked to keep the general situation and play with the Scriptures, and put an end to the tedious style of learning. In addition, Liu Xin also criticized the malpractice of family law teaching in the study of Confucian classics. He thought that it was the last teacher rather than the past for them to recite biographies, and they only wanted to achieve the political purpose of being the same as the party and jealous of the truth. Liu Xin's criticism is to the point.
Classical Chinese Classics
Since the late Western Han Dynasty, the revitalization of the study of ancient Chinese classics is inseparable from Liu Xin's active advocacy. In the long-term process of collating secret books, he came into contact with a large number of ancient scriptures which could not be seen by outsiders, which generated a strong interest in research and made unprecedented achievements. Specifically, there are the following points:
First, rearrange the order of the six arts, and put the book of changes in the first place. At the same time, he assisted Liu Xiang in proofreading various official books of the book of changes, which were found in the secret collection of the inner Dynasty, and identified Fei's book of changes as a classic of ancient prose. Since Confucius, the order of the six arts has always been "Shi" and "Shu", followed by "Li", "Le", "Yi" and "Chunqiu". Liu Xin thinks, "the article of six arts The book of changes is the origin. He has a lot of research on the book of changes. He thinks that the book of changes was completed by three saints: Fuxi in the ancient times, Wenwang in the middle ages, and Confucius in the ancient times. Therefore, the book of changes is the first of the six arts. Since then, the order of the Six Arts in the annals and catalogues of the past dynasties has been based on Liu Xin's view. As for the spread of Yi, Shi's, Meng's, Liang's, Jingfang's, Fei's and Gao's in the Western Han Dynasty
Chinese PinYin : Liu Xin
Liu Xin
