Liu Chang
Liu Chang
Liu Chang (1019-1068) was a scholar, historian, Confucian classics scholar and essayist in the Northern Song Dynasty. Word original father, one for the original Fu, Linjiang new Yu Dixie (now belongs to Zhangshu City, Jiangxi Province). In the sixth year of Qingli period, he and his younger brother Liu Zhen were scholars of the same discipline. They judged Cai Zhou by Dali, and later became a Bachelor of Jixian Academy. He had more contacts with Mei Yaochen and Ouyang Xiu. He is upright, courageous in establishing a dynasty, and has made great achievements in his administration. Liu Chang is very knowledgeable. Ouyang Xiu said that he was "from the ancient and modern biographies of Liujing Baishi, down to astronomy, geography, divination and medicine, numerology, futu, and Laozhuang's theories. He was named Youmin support of the article". Together with his younger brother Liu he was called Er Liu of the Northern Song Dynasty, and he wrote Gongshi Ji.
Personal resume
Liu Chang was intelligent, diligent and eager to learn. He read the Scriptures intensively. Qingli six years (1046) and his younger brother Liu to participate in the examination of bingxu, with the Jinshi. Liu gangting was originally the first in the period. Wang Yaochen, the choreographer and academician, was Liu Chang's inner brother. In order to avoid suspicion, song Renzong ranked Liu Chang as the second and jia'an in Deng County, Henan Province as the first. After that, Liu Chang judged caizhou (now Ruyang County, Henan Province) by Dali. In November of the eighth year of Qingli (1048), his father died and asked for leave to go home to watch the funeral. In February of the third year of emperor you's reign (1051), when the period of service expired, he was summoned to return to the imperial court, tried his bachelor's college, and moved to Prince zhongyun and Jixian's college. In the second year, he served as Nancao and wailang. In August of the same year, the third division was given the right to open the division. In April of the fifth year of emperor you's reign (1053), he was also authorized to be a magistrate of the third division. In August of the first year of he (1054), his fellow practitioners took notes on daily life, called for examinations in September, and moved to Zhengyan and Zhigao. In August of the next year, he was sent to Khitan for a year. After returning to Beijing, he went out to know Yangzhou (now Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province). Before long, he moved to Yunzhou (now Dongping County, Shandong Province) and served as a pacifier on the east-west road of Beijing. After that, he called back to Beijing to inspect the prison, and took part in the ceremony examination in the fourth year of Jiayou (1059). Later, Lu Qin was demoted because of his negligence. Liu Chang thought that Lu Qin was too light and the court punished him severely. He argued with the Taiwan counsellor many times and offended many people. So some officials and the ruling Prime Minister joined forces to attack Liu Chang. Liu Chang knew that he couldn't get a foothold in the imperial court. When the Yongxing Army (now Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province) was missing, Liu Chang took the initiative to ask to defend the Yongxing army. So he served as a pacifier of Yongxing military road and knew the affairs of Yongxing military mansion. Jiayou eight years (1063) in August, was called back to court, sentenced to three classes court, moved to sentence too often temple. After Yingzong ascended the throne, he was praised by Yingzong. Liu Cong was ill and asked to go out to guard other counties, so he went out to know Ruzhou (now Linru County, Henan Province). He was called back in 1066, but Liu Chang was seriously ill and could not go to court, so he was changed to a Bachelor of Jixian academy and sentenced to stay at the imperial censor station in Nanjing (now Shangqiu City, Henan Province).
Life of the characters
When Liu Chang was an official in the imperial court, he dared to adhere to the principles, and often spoke out against unreasonable things. In the winter of the fourth year of Jiayou (1059), Renzong offered sacrifices to his ancestors. According to the custom, the prime minister led a hundred civil and military officials to give Renzong a honorary title. However, Liu Chang thought that adding honorary titles in the famine years was a vain name. He went to the government four times in succession to admonish him. Renzong thought Liu's words were reasonable, so he did not accept the honorary titles. In addition, twenty years after the death of empress Guo, Renzong ordered the ministers to discuss the empress's sacrificial ceremony. Liu Chang thought it was inappropriate. His opinion was not in agreement with the ruling party, but Renzong adopted Liu Chang's opinion and refused to discuss it.
Liu Chang not only dared to speak out to the superiors, but also was not afraid of the powerful. In 1050, after the death of Xia song, the prime minister, Renzong was granted the posthumous title of Wenzheng. Liu Chang thought that although Xia song had intelligence, he was treacherous, insidious, greedy, and easy to use power. His words and deeds were inconsistent with the word "Wen Zheng". It was not appropriate for him to confer his posthumous title directly without the discussion of officials. He went to Shu for three times, and Xia song was finally changed to Wenzhuang. After the death of Zhang Guifei, the beloved concubine of Renzong, she was posthumously named empress Wen Cheng. Some people who are good at flattery want to set the death day of empress Wen Cheng as the death day of the country. Liu Chang thinks it's not right. He wrote a letter to remonstrate, and Renzong had to give up. The eunuch Shi Quanbin moved to the palace as an emissary and acted as an agent to observe the tomb of empress Wen Cheng. Three days later, Renzong appointed Shi Quanbin as the observation envoy and removed the word "agent". Liu Chang was ordered to draft the letter of appointment. Liu Kaifeng also appointed him and refused to draft the letter of appointment. Shi Quanbin was not appointed as an observer at last.
When Liu Chang was a local official, he was concerned about the sufferings of the people. Pay attention to the development of production. During the period of Zhiyun Prefecture and Yongxing army, there was a severe drought and the people fled. Liu Chang took a lot of measures to control, so that agricultural production gradually recovered and developed. As a result, the victims in exile returned to their hometown one after another to settle down and settle down in business, so that social order was stable and loved by the people. At the same time, for the interests of farmers, Liu Chang did not consider his personal interests, dared to offend the powerful and repressed the powerful. When he was in Yangzhou, he occupied hundreds of hectares of leitang people's farmland, which made many farmers lose their jobs. According to the old land contract, Liu Chang resolutely returned the land to the people for farming. Liu Chang was a clean and upright official, and once vindicated unjust imprisonment for the people. Liu Chang found that the rich Chen family in Tianchang county was arrested for murder and secretly used money to bribe officials. He was not only released, but also blamed poor Wang Jia. The adjudicator concluded the case in a muddle headed way. Wang Jia was afraid of the officials and did not dare to confess his injustice. Liu Chang sent another official to review the case, which not only failed to vindicate him, but also made Wang Jia's murder case even more unsolvable. So Liu Chang tried the case in person and found out the reason and vindicated the unjust imprisonment. Wei Fan, a powerful Yongxing army, is a large surname in the region. He took up fifty years of registered residence in the same family name, thus escaping the service, holding the government and repeatedly breaking the law, and local officials were afraid to punish him. Liu Cong knew that yongxingjun was in charge of his affairs, but fan also pleaded guilty and failed to be sentenced. Liu Chang was recalled to Beijing to take up his post. Fan Wei immediately reversed the case, refused to plead guilty, and the successor officials could not make a decision. In the end, the imperial censor reviewed the case and still executed according to Liu Chang's original sentence.
Liu Chang is a famous Confucian scholar with profound knowledge. Every time Ouyang Xiu had any questions, he wrote a letter and sent someone to ask Liu Chang for advice. He answered immediately with a pen. Ouyang Xiu called Liu Chang "Yu Xuebo, from the six classics, Bai's, ancient and modern biographies, down to astronomy, geography, divination, numerology, float map, Lao Zhuang's theory."
Once, Liu Chang was ordered to go to Khitan. The Khitans took him out of Gubeikou and deliberately took many detours to show the distance. Liu Chang is familiar with geography. Knowing the road like the palm of one's hand, he questioned the other party: "there was a big road to go, and it would take a few days to reach Zhongjing. Why do you want to go like this?" The Khitans were frightened and ashamed, so they had to admit their mistakes.
There is a kind of monster in the Khitan mountains. It looks like a horse, but it can hunt tigers and leopards. People in Khitan don't know its name, so they ask Liu Chang. Liu Chang replied, "this kind of beast is the so-called refutation." Liu Chang also described the animal's cry and appearance, and told the Khitans that it was recorded in the ancient books Shanhaijing and Guanzi. After listening to this, the Khitans were filled with admiration.
Liu Chang also studied the inscriptions on bronzes. He tasted dozens of pre Qin Yi tripods, studied the inscriptions on bronzes, and identified ancient characters. Because of knowing the laws and regulations of Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, it complements the deficiency of historical records. He is especially good at the three biographies of the spring and Autumn Annals. His interpretation of the classics is different from that of the traditional scholars of the Han Dynasty. Liu is not only proficient in Confucian classics, but also familiar with historiography. When Ouyang Xiu wrote the new book of Tang Dynasty and the new history of Five Dynasties, he also consulted Liu Chang. Wang Anshi and Zeng Gong (all members of the eight major schools of Tang and Song dynasties) also admired Liu Chang, saying that he was erudite and versatile. In the first year of Xining (1068), Liu Chang was ill and died in the official house. The disciples called him "Mr. Gong" in private.
Liu He, his younger brother, once assisted Sima Guang in compiling Zizhitongjian, which was a part of the Han Dynasty. Later generations collectively called the two brothers "two Lius of the Northern Song Dynasty". Liu Gang has four sons, the second of whom is Liu Fengshi, who is the most outstanding. His articles are elegant and his attainments in historical research are very high. He is especially proficient in the study of Han Shu. He wrote the annotation of Han Shu of three Lius together with "two Lius", which is handed down to the world. Therefore, later generations also call them "three Lius of Northern Song Dynasty".
Personal achievement
His article is quite insightful. For example, the title of emperor Taizu of Wei says that emperor Gaodi of Han Dynasty cried for Xiang Yu, and Emperor Wudi of Wei offered sacrifices to Yuan Shao, not "concealing resentment and affectation", but "the wind of generosity and heroism"; the question of "mengke teaches the king of Qi and Liang" says that mengke ridicules others for their "words and interests", but himself says "good goods are not harmful", which is "ridiculing people for their details and allowing himself too lightly". These are unusual views. In addition, Liu Chang also wrote an article "doubting rites", which said that "the rites of today are not mellow scriptures", but "the saints combine all kinds of theories and make them up.". This is not the common view of Confucianism. As for the style of writing, Liu emphasizes practicality and opposes vanity. His zashuo wrote: "today's customs are not reserved and righteous, but are content with wealth and honor, advocating articles. There are few articles to help reason, while fame is more important." he thinks this is "the disadvantage of the future.". Liu Chang's articles are simple, natural and fluent, close to Han (Yu) and ou (Yang Xiu). For example, the preface to sending off Yang Yulin says: "the reason why we can govern in the past is to choose officials; the reason why we can't govern in the future is to choose officials". It is very impassioned and emotional. Liu Chang's poems are also popular, including five character and seven character poems. For example, in the elegy of Shengyu: "after being a lonely official for 30 years, he lost his fame and made friends for a while, and his poems spread everywhere." Concise and concise, the words match the feelings.
Liu Chang's main achievement in the study of Confucian classics lies in his study of the spring and Autumn Annals. His study of the spring and Autumn Annals has a lot of complacency. He is the author of Chunqiu weighing, Chunqiu Zhuan, Qijing Xiaozhuan, Chunqiu legend example, Chunqiu Yilin, gongshiji and so on. He also co authored Hanshu annotation with his younger brother Liu Yao and son Liu Fengshi. He has profound attainments in the study of epigraphy
Chinese PinYin : Liu Chang
Liu Chang
