founded first anarchist society in China

Liu Sifu

Liu Sifu (1884-1915), also known as Liu Shifu, was born in Xiangshan, Guangdong Province. He was a democratic revolutionist in modern China. He went to Japan to study in 1904 and joined the Chinese League in 1905. After returning to China in 1906, he founded Oriental newspaper in Hong Kong. In June 1907, he planned to assassinate Li Zhun, the commander of Guangdong Navy in the Qing Dynasty, in Guangzhou. In 1909, he went to Hong Kong to study the new century and promote anarchism. In the spring of 1910, Gao Jianfu * *, Xie Yingbo, Chen Jiongming and others organized the assassination mission in Hongkong. In 1911, in response to the Wuchang Uprising, the people's army was organized in Dongjiang area. In the winter of the same year, he went north with Ding xiangtian and others, planning to assassinate zaifeng, Regent of the Qing Dynasty. When he arrived in Shanghai, he lived in seclusion in baiyun'an, West Lake, because the North-South negotiation was completed. In May 1912, he returned to Guangzhou and organized Huiming school to publicize anarchism. In July of the same year, he founded Xinshe with Mo Jipeng and others. He initiated the study of Esperanto in Guangzhou and became the president of Guangzhou Esperanto Society. In 1913, he founded huiminglu magazine, which was banned by long Jiguang, the governor of Guangdong Province. In 1914, he moved to Shanghai and established an anarchist gay society in Shanghai. He died in Shanghai in 1915.

Life of the characters

Liu Sifu (1884-1915) was born in Xiangshan, Guangdong Province (Zhongshan City) in 1884. Liu Sifu's family is a famous family in Shiqi, known as "Liu family of shuilou". Liu Sifu's father, Liu dingfang, was born as a scholar and founded the first school in Xiangshan County. Liu Sifu, who had been familiar with ancient books since he was a child, took the boy's examination at the age of 15. He ranked first in the county as a scholar, but failed in the local examination the next year. In 1904, he and his fellow countrymen Zheng Bi'An, Lin Junfu and others crossed to Japan. In July 1905, Sun Yat Sen went to Japan to organize the Chinese League. Influenced by Sun Yat Sen's revolutionary thought, Liu Sifu actively helped him carry out propaganda and organizational work. In August of the same year, when the Chinese League was founded in Tokyo, Liu Sifu was one of the earliest members. In the winter of 1905, Liu Sifu returned to Hong Kong to help run the Oriental newspaper, and Zheng Bian ran the Xiangshan Xunbao. Liu Sifu wrote a lot of articles for him. He also founded a girls' school in Shiqi with his friends.

Anecdotes of characters

The unique daredevil

Liu Sifu returned from Japan at the end of 1905 to the founding of the Republic of China in 1912. In order to support Sun Yat Sen's revolution to overthrow the Qing government, Liu Sifu organized at least five bomb assassinations. The first target of the assassination was Li Zhun, commander in chief of Guangdong navy of Manchu Qing government. On June 11, 1907, Liu Sifu assembled a bomb in Fengxiang Academy of qingquli in cangbian street, but accidentally exploded when installing a detonator. Liu Sifu was seriously injured and arrested. He was detained in Xiangshan prison for more than two years, and was released after rescue. In the spring of 1910, Liu Sifu gathered Gao Jianfu * *, Chen Jiongming and others in Hongkong to form a "Sina assassination mission" and organized a series of assassinations. At the beginning of 1911, Liu Sifu organized the assassination of zaifeng, the Regent of the Qing Dynasty, but failed because the man who carried the bomb North first was killed. In August 13, 1911, the Sina assassination group was prepared to assassinate Li Zhun. Lin Guan Tzu was ordered to assassinate Li Zhun in Guangzhou's double gate * * (today's Beijing Road) and died heroically. On September 4 of the same year, the assassination group assassinated Guangzhou General Fengshan in Cangqian Street (now Beijing South Road). After the Wuchang Uprising, the Manchu Qing government still resisted. Liu Sifu and two friends went north again to try to assassinate Tsai Feng, the Regent. After the ship arrived in Shanghai, the north south peace negotiation was completed. Liu Sifu called the assassination "the unique daredevil doctrine". Yuan Weishi believed that Liu Sifu's dedication was not blind, and his "daredevil" spirit was based on radical democratic thought.

Organizing Huiming school and promoting anarchism

In May 1912, Liu Sifu, Zheng Bian and Zheng Peigang established Huiming school at No.8 cunshan East Street, Xiguan, Guangzhou, which was the first anarchist organization in China. Xueshe is named in the book of songs · Zheng Feng and the chapter of wind and rain: "the wind and rain are like a dark day, the crowing of chickens is endless", which is the meaning of thinking of a gentleman in troubled times. In the first year of the establishment of the school, Liu Sifu took reprinting and distributing the new century as his basic task. In just one year, with funds raised, he printed and distributed more than 10000 volumes. In August 1913, huiminglu was published (No. 3 was renamed "the voice of the people") with the purpose of "advocating social revolution and promoting world harmony". Liu Sifu pointed out in the introduction (Inaugural Speech), "huiminglu encourages himself with the voice of the common people, and his theory is that it is directly the organ of the common people. Today, the happiness of the common people's life has been taken away from the power, and they are in a state of pain and disgrace. The reason for this lies in the fact that social organizations are not good enough. " He went on to point out: "if we want to save its disadvantages, we must fundamentally carry out the world revolution and get rid of all the powers in the present society Just as the new society of truth will be replaced by it, then the happiness of true freedom of the common people will come true. " In the last year and a half of his life, Liu Sifu traveled to Guangzhou, Macao, Shanghai and other places, organized his colleagues, raised funds, and published 22 issues of magazines. As a result, he became famous and became the brightest banner of Chinese anarchism.

The end of "moral salvation"

In July 1912, Liu Sifu and Zheng Bi'An initiated the establishment of "Xin she", and made 12 social conventions: no meat, no drinking, no smoking, no servants, no sedan chair and rickshaw, no marriage, no surname, no political party, no official, no Councillor, no navy and army man, no religion. Liu Sifu is a persistent idealist. He advocates "no eating meat, no drinking and no smoking", which is purely out of the ideal of life, not to prolong life, nor to use it as a pretext to cheat the world. On the contrary, due to his long-term vegetarianism, he suffered from malnutrition, and finally became ill after a long period of hard work. In 1915, Liu Shifu suffered from lung disease in Shanghai and was weak. The doctor advised him to eat beef, milk, eggs and so on to enhance his resistance. However, he refused to violate the "Xinshe" precepts and would rather die than eat them. In order to raise money for his treatment, Huiming Xueshe and Xinshe advocated selling the machine. However, Liu Sifu believed that the printing machine was an indispensable weapon to publicize his ideas and strongly opposed selling it. On March 27, 1915, Liu Sifu died in Shanghai at the age of 31.

Esperanto tombstone inscription

Liu Sifu was buried next to the Yanxia cave in Hangzhou. Four years later, his colleagues rebuilt the tomb for him. Three big characters were carved on the tombstone. The epitaph was carved in Esperanto and translated into Chinese as follows: "Shi Fu was a humanist and a scholar of Esperanto. He was imprisoned for three winters and organized the Oriental murder group. After the revolution of 1911, he gave up his pure destruction and turned to the propaganda of liberal socialism. He created "Huiming Xueshe", "Esperanto Research Association" and "Xinshe", and published the Journal of the voice of the people. He tried his best to express himself, exhausted his doctrine, and vomited blood to death. There is only one year of death in 30 years. What a pain In order to show Liu Sifu's world view of great harmony, the epitaph is dated in A.D. and it is noted that Liu Sifu was born in "Xiangshan County, Guangdong Province, East Asia".

Character evaluation

Yuan Wei, a famous scholar and professor of Sun Yat sen University, said: "Liu Sifu's sharp writing style, majestic bomb and crystal clear moral character are the highlight of his life. His anarchism records the experience and lessons of modern China from one side." Yuan Weishi said that the core of Liu Sifu's anarchism is to immediately realize "all public ownership, each taking what he needs", advocate "absolute freedom", and exclude all governments, politics and laws. After Liu Sifu, the anarchists gradually dispersed. As a complete theory, it has been eliminated in the torrent of Chinese history. Yuan Weishi believes that Liu Sifu's death has sounded the death knell of anarchism in China.

Chinese PinYin : Liu Shi Fu