Liu Hong

Liu Hong

Liu Hong (157, 156-189, May 13) was born in Hejian state, Jizhou (now Shenzhou City, Hebei Province). The 12th emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty (168-189), the great grandson of emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty.

Liu Hong inherited Jiedu Ting marquis in his early years. In December of the first year of Yongkang (167), Emperor Huan of Han Dynasty Liu Zhi died. Liu Hong was selected as the successor to the throne by his maternal relatives Dou, and ascended to the throne in the first month of the first year of Jianning (168).

During most of Liu Hong's reign, he carried out the party imprisonment and eunuch politics. He also set up the west garden, searched for money and even sold officials and knights for his own enjoyment. In the late period of his reign, the Huangjin uprising broke out, and Liangzhou and other places also fell into continuous turmoil. In 189, Liu Hong died and was named emperor Xiaoling. He was buried in Wenling.

Liu Hongxi is fond of Ci and Fu, and his works include Huangxi chapter, zhuodefu, Lingyi song, merchants song, etc.

Life of the characters

Early experience

Liu Hong is the great grandson of Liu Kai, the filial king of Hejian and the great grandson of emperor Zhang of Han Dynasty. Because his father, Liu Chang, the Marquis of jieduting, died early, Liu Hong inherited the title of Marquis of jieduting, and his mother was the Dong family (Empress Dowager Dong). In the first year of Yongkang (167), Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty Liu Zhi died, and empress Dou Miao asked the government. When Emperor Huan had no son to succeed, Dou Miao negotiated with his father Dou Wu and finally chose Liu Hong to inherit the grand unification. Dou Miao sent Shi Yushi, Shou Guanglu Doctor Liu Yu, Feng Che Du Wei Cao Jie and others to Hejian state to welcome Liu Hong to the throne.

Ascend to the throne as Emperor

September coup

In the first month of the first year of Jianning (168), Liu Hong arrived at the longevity Pavilion of Xiamen outside Luoyang city with the welcoming team, and was welcomed by Dou Wu and other civil and military officials. On the next day, Liu Hong succeeded to the throne and changed his name to Jianning. He took part in the recording of Shangshu affairs with three people: Chen fan, Taifu, Dou Wu, and Hu Guang, situ. His father Liu Chang was named emperor Xiaoren, his mausoleum was named Shenling, and his mother Dong was named Shenyuan noble. Great general Dou Wu made great contributions to Liu Hong's succession to the throne, and his people became officials and nobility. Since then, the power of Dou's relatives has been devolved for a while. Dou Wu relied on Chen fan, the imperial Fu, to preside over the government, while chen fan used a large number of scholars who were punished in the first party imprisonment. They soon reached an agreement and conspired to eradicate eunuchs. In August, Dou Wu ordered Yin Xun, the Minister of state, to impeach and arrest Wei Biao, the Huangmen order, for further impeachment of the eunuch. On September 7, Dou Wu returned home to have a rest, while the memorial Yin Xun secretly wrote to Dou Wu was obtained by Zhu Zhen, the history of Changle's facial features. Zhu Zhen informed the eunuchs Wang Fu and Cao Jie about the incident. All the eunuchs were allied by blood and launched a coup that night. It is known as the "September 1911 coup". In the early morning of the next day, the eunuch won the coup. Dou Wu, chen fan and others were exterminated. Those who were not executed were exiled to Jiaozhou. Empress Dowager Dou was moved to live in Nangong Yuntai. in March of the second year of Jianning (169), the Dong family, a noble man in zunshenyuan, was empress Xiaoren. In July, Duan Bi, the general of the Qiang people, broke the army and killed the Qiang people in the valley outside the Shehu Great Wall. On the third day of the first month of the fourth year of Jianning (171), Liu Hongxing took Yuanfu as an amnesty. In July, the Song family was made queen.

Internal and external disturbances

In the first year of Xiping (172), Hu Guang, the Taifu, died. The court took Yang Ci, Liu Kuan and Zhang Ji to teach Liu Hong. In the same year, Liu Zhen, the king of Bohai, was accused of treason by Wang Fu, the Minister of Zhongchang, and committed suicide. In 177, Wang Fu and Cheng a, the Taizhong official, captured the empress of Song Dynasty and cursed Liu Hong with witchcraft. Then the empress of Song Dynasty was abandoned and died in the violence room.

Indulge in pleasure

During the reign of Liu Hong, most of them were barbarians and demons who rebelled in remote areas and were pacified by Lu Zhi, Zang min, Zhu Min and others. Liu Hong thought that the world was as stable as Mount Tai, so he enjoyed himself and seldom asked about political affairs. In April of the second year of Guanghe (179), Zhongchang Shi Wang Fu and Taiwei Duan Yu went to prison and died. In October, Liu Ying, situ, Chen Qiu, Yongle Prefecture, Yang Qiu, Wei Wei, and Liu Na, the infantry captain, conspired to kill the eunuch. When the news leaked, they were all put to death. In the third year of Guanghe's reign (180), Liu Hongli ruled out public opinions and made the he family queen. He Zhen, the father of Queen he, was posthumously granted the title of general of motorcycles and Xuande Marquis of Wuyang; her mother was admitted to the palace and was granted the title of Wuyang king; her elder brother he Jin and second brother he Miao were also recruited into the imperial court to hold important positions, and the family of he was extremely proud for a time.

The flames of war are everywhere

In 184, Zhang Jiao, the leader of taipingdao, launched the Yellow turban uprising. Taipingdao believers rose up in eight states. The prefectures and counties were lost, and the imperial court was shocked. At the suggestion of Huang Fusong, the prefect of Beidi County, and LV Qiang, the Minister of the central government, Liu Hong announced that the party's imprisonment would be lifted and the government troops would be organized to put down the rebellion. By the end of the year, the government troops led by Huang Fu Song and Zhu Zhen had wiped out the yellow scarf troops in various places. Liu Hong changed the Yuan Dynasty to Zhongping in order to show the peace of the world. But at the same time, Beigong Boyu, Li Wenhou, Han Sui, bianzhang and others in Liangzhou rebelled again. In the second year of Zhongping (185), Liu Hong sent huangfusong and Zhang Wen to Liangzhou to pacify the rebellion, which not only failed to pacify, but also made the Liangzhou rebellion more and more powerful. In 187, Liangzhou fell into the enemy's hands. Geng Bi, the governor of Liangzhou, and Fu Xie, the governor of Hanyang, died one after another. In the same year, Zhang Chun and Zhang Ju of Yuyang County joined forces with Wuhuan to launch a rebellion in Youzhou, killing Jihou, the captain of huwuhuan school, Liu Zheng, the prefect of youbeiping, and Yangzhong, the prefect of Liaodong. Liu Hong gradually emerged from the joy of Xiyuan because of the rising rebellion in the world. In October 188, Liu Hong held a military parade in pingleguan, Luoyang. He called himself "supreme general" and rode a horse with a sword to inspect the army.

Death

In February 189, huangfusong defeated Liangzhou rebel Kingdom and others in Chencang. In March, Liu Yu, a nomad in Youzhou, put down Zhang Chun's rebellion. On April 11 (May 13), Liu Hong died in the Jiade Hall of Nangong at the age of 33 (according to the 12-year-old when Liu Hong succeeded to the throne, he should have died at the age of 33, mistakenly named as 34 in Houhanshu). He was posthumously named emperor Xiaoling. His eldest son, Liu Bian, succeeded to the throne as the young emperor of the Han Dynasty. On June 17 (July 17), he was buried in Wenling.

Political initiatives

Politics

The first disaster of Danggu ended in 167, the first year of Yongkang. In the second year of Jianning (169), Zhang Jian, the governor of Shanyang County, impeached Zhongchang's servant Hou LAN. When he went back to his hometown to sweep his mother's grave, he spread money and disturbed the people, and demolished Hou Lan's house and even his ancestral grave. So he angered Hou LAN and ordered his fellow countryman Zhu Bing to impeach Zhang Jian and other 24 famous people of Shanyang to form a party and plot against him. When Liu Hong saw the memorial, he asked the eunuch Cao Jie about it. Cao Jie used the title to explain that the party members were harming the country and asked for the nationwide extermination of the party members. Liu Hong agreed. In the end, the political disaster caused a large number of scholars to flee, and 600 or 700 people were persecuted and killed. It is known in history as "the disaster of the second party imprisonment". In 176, Cao Luan, the governor of Yongchang, wrote to the party members to vindicate themselves and ask the court to vindicate them. In a rage, Liu Hong tortured Cao Luan to death in prison and imprisoned the party members and their relatives on a larger scale. In the second year of Guanghe (179), on the advice of he Hai, head of Shanglu County, Liu Hong ordered that the party members' relatives "after their grandfather" would not be implicated by them. In 184, the Yellow turban uprising broke out. LV Qiang, the Zhongchang servant, thought that if he did not understand the party's imprisonment, he might force the party members to collude with the Yellow turban army. Liu Hong announced that the party's imprisonment would be lifted. During the reign of Liu Hong, the imperial power was weakened. Liu Hong's 20-year reign is the longest period of eunuch rule in the history of Han Dynasty. The establishment of eunuchs was various and dazzling, and they were even more numerous when Liu Hong was in power. Liu Hong broke through the regular system and canonized 12 zhongchangshi at one time, which was known as "shichangshi" in history. In the second year of Jianning (169), when Cao Jie, the eunuch, was seriously ill, Liu Hong used him as a general of motorcycles, and after his death, he gave him back as a general of motorcycles; in the first year of Zhongping (184), he also served as a general of motorcycles, Zhao Zhong, who was in charge of rewarding the generals who fought against Huangjin. In the early days of Liu Hong's administration, Wang Fu and Cao Jie were deeply trusted by him. Later, Wang Fu was killed by Yang Qiu, a member of the school of Sili, and Cao Jie died. Zhang rang and Zhao Zhong became Liu Hong's favorite eunuchs. Liu Hong even compared them to his parents, which shows his dependence on eunuchs. In the first year of Guanghe (178), Liu Hong was abetted by his mother, Empress Dowager Dong, and his attendants. The imperial court publicly announced that it could buy the posts of Huben, Yulin and other departments from the Marquis of Guannei to the subordinate of guangluxun; the regulations of selling officials were: the price of local officials was twice as high as that of court officials, while the price of county officials was different; the promotion of officials must also pay according to the price. The person who wants to be an official can evaluate and bid, and the person who offers the highest price can win the bid. In addition to the fixed price, it also increases or decreases at any time according to the official's value and property. Generally speaking, the price of an official's position is calculated based on his annual salary. For example, the price of an official's position with an annual salary of 2000 yuan is 20 million yuan, and that of an official's position with an annual salary of 400 yuan is 4 million yuan. That is to say, the price of an official's position is 10000 times of his annual income. Although Duan Wei and Zhang Wen have made great contributions and gained high reputation, they all paid enough money before they became public. Later, the situation became even worse. In the future, when an official is transferred, promoted or newly appointed, he must pay one third or one fourth of the price of his position. That is to say, an official must pay his legal income equivalent to more than 25 years before he takes office. Many officials were scared to leave because they could not pay such a high "official fee". When Liu Hong became an adult, he set up the west garden for his own enjoyment, and the emperor Lingdi used the income from selling officials to construct the west garden. LV Qiang, a Zhongchang servant, remonstrated: "all the property in the world belongs to your majesty. Why should it be divided into public and private?" Liu Hong didn't listen. The policy of selling officials lasted until Liu Hong's death. In 188, Liu Hong accepted Liu Yan's suggestion and reset Zhou mu, which was called "Abolishing history and establishing Mu". Take Liu Yan as an example

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