Liu Xie

Liu Xie

Liu Xie (about 465 - the year of his death is unknown), whose name is Yanhe, was born in Ju county, Dongguan county (now shenzhuang, Dongguan town, Ju county, Rizhao City, Shandong Province). He was a minister of Liang Dynasty, a literary theorist and critic, and the son of Liu Shang.

When he was young, he was poor and eager to learn. Relying on the help of famous monks, he studied the theories of Confucianism and Buddhism. He wrote Wen Xin Diao Long, which was praised by Prime Minister Shen Yue. He was invited by the imperial court. He served successively as Linchuan King (Xiao Hong) Ji Shi, infantry captain, Prince Tongshi Sheren. Xiao Tong, the prince of Zhaoming, died. He was sad and asked to become a monk, but he didn't get the permission of emperor Liang Wu. As a result, he became a monk and died in Dinglin temple.

Wen Xin Diao Long, together with Liu Zhiji's Shi Tong and Zhang Xuecheng's Wen Shi Tong Yi, is one of the three famous works of literary and historical criticism, which has established its position in the history of Chinese literary criticism.

Life of the characters

In the early years of song and Tai dynasties (465 AD), Liu Xie was born in Jingkou (today's Zhenjiang), with the name of Yanhe, and was originally from Dongguan (today's shenzhuang, Dongguan town, Ju county, Shandong Province). Grandfather Liu Lingzhen, song Sikong Liu Xiuzhi's younger brother. His father's name is Liu Shang, and he once served as the captain of Yueqi school. Liu Xie has been an orphan for a long time. He is very angry and loves learning. He didn't get married because his family was too poor. He lived with the monks of Salmonella. More than ten years later, he was very proficient in those Scriptures. He sorted out the Scriptures, transcribed them and wrote a preface for them. Now the Scriptures in Dinglin temple are all compiled and revised by Liu Xie. In the early years of Tianjian, Liu Xie began to serve as the Secretary of Wang Hong in Linchuan of the Chinese army. Later, he was promoted to serve as Cao Canjun in the chariot depot. When he was the magistrate of Taimo County, he was honest and upright. Liu Xie suggested to the emperor, when he was appointed as the Minister of the eastern palace, that the sacrifice to heaven and earth should be the same as the sacrifice to the temple, using only fruits and vegetables instead of sacrificing (cattle, sheep and pigs). The emperor ordered the minister to discuss this issue, and finally decided to deal with it according to Liu Xie's suggestion. Later he was promoted to infantry captain.

At the age of 32, he began to write Wen Xin Diao Long, which lasted for five years.

There are many theories about the year of death. One says that he died between the first year (520 A.D.) and the second year (521 A.D.), and the other between the fourth year (538 A.D.) and the fifth year (539 A.D.).

Main works

Carving a Dragon at the Core of Literature

Works introduction

Wen Xin Diao Long consists of 10 volumes and 50 chapters. There are 25 articles in the upper part and 25 in the lower part. The book includes four important aspects, written by Liu Xie in Nanshan, Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province. In the upper part, there are five chapters from Yuandao to biansao, and the core is Yuandao, Zhengsheng and Zongjing. From "Ming" to "secretary". In the lower part, there are 20 chapters from Shensi to wuse. There are four chapters, including time sequence, talent strategy, bosom friend and Chengqi. There are 49 chapters on the above four aspects, and 50 chapters on the author's motivation, attitude and principle of writing this book.

The view of literary history

The view of literary history in Wen Xin Diao Long holds that the development and change of literature will be influenced by the times and social and political life, and raises the previous theory of this aspect to a new height. At the same time, Liu Xie also attached great importance to the development of literature itself. In Tongbian, he put forward Tongbian according to Yang Xiong's views on "cause" and "revolution", that is, the relationship between inheritance and innovation in literary creation. He asked the writers to be bold and innovative: "the new industry", "the time will be fruit, take the opportunity without fear.". He also stressed that any "change" or innovation can not do without "communication", that is, inheritance. The so-called "communication" refers to the Convention of literature: "the name and principle are constant, and the style must be based on the reality." Only when literary creation is familiar with all kinds of "truths", can it be "full of general principles" (Tongbian), "well aware of emotional changes, Qu Zhao style, and then be able to create new ideas and carve strange words. Only by combining and unifying "communication" with "change" and "cause" with "change", can literary creation "travel the endless road and drink the inexhaustible source" ("communication") and achieve considerable and healthy development.

Comment

According to Xu Zhi, the five chapters from Shi Ji to Cheng Qi belong to criticism. However, two of them, time sequence and looking for things, contain both creation theory and criticism. Time sequence comments on the writers' works and their development from the aspects of the political outlook and social atmosphere of the past dynasties; looking for things comments on the creation of the book of songs, songs of Chu, Han Fu and "since modern times" from the aspects of natural scenery and the changes of four orders. Comparing the two works, chronology focuses on literary criticism, and looking for focuses on literary creation.

Other works

Characteristics of literature

Traditional rhetoric is divided into negative rhetoric and positive rhetoric. In Wenxindiaolong, Liu Xie has a precise and profound discussion on both aspects, especially on negative rhetoric, which not only deals with the writing skills, but also goes deep into the relationship between psychological activities, thinking rules and language generation.

voice

In the aspect of phonetics and rhetoric, Liu Xie did not follow Shen Yue's "eight diseases" theory, but put forward the problem of "flying and sinking" and "double voice rhyme".

In Shensi, Liu Xie put forward the idea of "seeking the rhythm of sound and determining the ink". In shenglv, Liu Xie also said: "every sound has its flying and sinking, and every sound has its double overlapping. If the words are separated from each other, the rhyme will be repeated and the sentence will be in full view; if the words are deep, the sound will be heard and broken; if the words are flying, the sound will not return. " Liu Xie thinks that it is easy to make rhymes, but difficult to choose them. It shows that Liu Xie not only attaches great importance to and accurately grasps the phonetic characteristics of Chinese characters, but also makes valuable contributions to phonetic rhetoric in theory.

vocabulary

In terms of vocabulary rhetoric, Liu Xie advocated careful selection of words.

Liu Xie put forward "four principles" in "Lian Zi": one is to avoid the weird, two provinces are to connect the border, three powers are to reappear, and four tones are to be repeated. No wonder Liu Xie sighed: therefore, those who are good at writing are rich in thousands of articles, poor in one word, not less than one word.

grammar

In the part of grammar and rhetoric, Liu Xie put forward the idea of arranging chapters and sentences according to content and sentiment. Liu Xie advocated that the choice of sentence patterns should be long and short, or the combination of long and short, and the combination of whole and scattered, which should fully meet the needs of the rhyme. The rhyme is urgent, short words and sentences with few syllables, and the rhyme is slow. You can use Schumann's long sentences, while the rhyme is ups and downs, you can use the combination of long and short, and the combination of whole and scattered, so as to achieve a stirring effect.

Chapter

The most brilliant part of Liu Xie's rhetorical aesthetics lies in textual rhetoric.

Emphasis on self-restraint and style. The article has a style and a strong character, which is sensational and moving. In order to make an article contain wind and build bones, it is necessary to "practice in bones, analyze words, and express feelings."

Moving talent and vivid language are important, but we must create literature for emotion, not for literature. Write the truth, not the false.

Remelting cut, Ming yinxiu. The length of the article, the detailed content, the implicit meaning, the refined warning and the mediocrity are also the necessary considerations of the article.

The article shows the sentence, or comes from the heart of brocade, or benefits from quoting. Liu Xie is not against quotation, but against plagiarism.

application

In the aspect of concrete application, Liu Xie pointed out that "Lu Lu Li CI is sleepy. It is necessary to make the truth come true and the things close together. It's the most precious thing to use odd and even repeatedly and to wear miscellaneous things together. "

Kua Shi is about exaggeration. Liu Xie holds the key of whether exaggeration is reasonable or not, divides exaggeration into two categories and points out its different effects: "if you want to be poor, your heart will surge; if you exaggerate, your name will be good." ——If the exaggeration is reasonable and reasonable, it will cause strong resonance, on the contrary, it will violate the facts and be unreasonable.

Character evaluation

Liu Xie was able to put forward such a brilliant rhetorical theory more than 1500 years ago. His theory of rhetoric has not only a rational explanation, but also a proof of words and facts, involving not only the content and form of the article, but also the author's thinking, temperament, self-restraint and talent. He can explain the rhetorical aesthetics of emotion moving and utterance, from the aspects of beauty, virtue, the relationship between emotion and beautiful words and articles. He admits that "the heart is also shaken when the search is moving", "emotion is based on things, so meaning must be clear and elegant; things are based on feelings, so words must be skillful and beautiful". Under the guidance of this point of view, he established a systematic theory of dissecting and analyzing from the understanding that the content determines the form. From the understanding of historical materialism and realistic materialism, he put forward the rhetorical view of "changing the times, changing the quality and the style of writing", "changing the style of writing depends on the situation of the world, and changing the style of writing depends on the time sequence", which is inherited and innovated according to the time ”Rhetorical view.

Commemoration of later generations

Liu Xie memorial hall is located in Dinglin villa at the south foot of Zhongshan Mountain in Nanjing. The memorial hall is divided into three exhibition halls: front, middle and back. The three exhibition units are "Zhongshan and the capital of the Six Dynasties", "Zhongshan Dinglin Temple", "Liu Xie and Wenxin Diaolong", revealing the close relationship between Liu Xie and Wenxin Diaolong and the capital of the Six Dynasties, Zhongshan and Dinglin temple. Liu Xie lived around Dinglin temple in Zhongshan for about 20 years. With the help of Dinglin temple's rich collection of books, he devoted himself to study and research, and finally completed the literary theory masterpiece Wen Xin Diao Long, which marks a brilliant achievement. Dinglin temple in Zhongshan is also famous for Liu Xie's academic achievements.

Liushizu: Liu Fu, inner history of Pengcheng. The former wife, sun xunggong, was born in Dongguan County, while the later wife, granddaughter, was born in Gaomi County

Wu Shizu: Liu Shuang, magistrate of Shanyin County; his wife Zhao Shuyuan, native of xiapi county

Great grandfather: Liu Zhongdao, joined the army in Jianwu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Yu Yaoling; his wife, Tan Jingrong, was from Gaoping County

Grandfather: Liu Lingzhen

His father, Liu Shang, died in the anti rebel campaign of Jiankang in 474.

Chinese PinYin : Liu Xie