Qingjiang

Qingjiang

Qingjiang River, a tributary of the Yangtze River, was called Yishui in ancient times. It was named Qingjiang River because of its clear color. Qingjiang River originates from Qiyue mountain in Lichuan City, Enshi Prefecture, Hubei Province. It flows through seven counties and cities, including Lichuan, Enshi, Xuanen, Jianshi, Badong, Changyang and Yidu, and joins the Yangtze River in Lucheng, Yidu.

Qingjiang has a total length of 423 kilometers, with beautiful scenery, known as the 800 Li Qingjiang gallery. It is mainly a place where Tujia, Han and Miao people live together. It mainly includes Baiyu lake, Huaqiao reservoir, Pingluo lake, Baiyuan Island, Baizhu Island, Wuluo Zhongli mountain, Geheyan and other scenic spots.

Name evolution

Qingjiang River, also known as "Yishui" or "Xianshui" in ancient times, is the second tributary of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in Hubei Province. Its name was first found in Yugong, and it was also recorded in the book of Han geography and the notes to the water classic. Qingjiang River was first called Yishui because of Ba people (baihuyi), the forerunner of Tujia nationality, so today people call it Tujia people's mother river. The name of salt water is definitely related to the regional salt production, such as the hot spring of Yanchi in Yuxiakou of Changyang, the salt spring of Bashan gorge, and people still boil salt here before the founding of new China. And LANGPING has Xianchi River, Hejiaping has baixianchi and so on. Li Daoyuan in the Wei and Jin Dynasties wrote a note for the book of water: "Yishui, that is, the mountains are clear and the river is clear. The water is clear and bright, and it is divided into sand and stone. Shu people see it clear, because it is called Qingjiang. "

General situation of main stream

Trend of main stream

Qingjiang River originates from longdonggou of Qiyue mountain in the northeast of Lichuan City. It cuts the mountains of Western Hubei on the eastern edge of Yunnan Guizhou Plateau from west to East. Most of the river reaches form high mountains and deep valleys, with many rapids and dangerous shoals. The main river course twists and turns from the north to the East and flows into the Yangtze River through Lichuan City, Enshi City, Xuanen County, Jianshi County, Badong County, Changyang County and Yidu city to Lucheng street of Yidu city. The total length of the main stream is 423 kilometers, and the drainage area is 16700 square kilometers.

Qingjiang River originates from Wangying Houba longdonggou, where Dayu spring flows. Langjingba River, Guanyin River, jichangba River and Jiudu river flow together in turn. In the south, it passes through Lichuan City, where Zhongxiao river flows. It flows 6.8km northeast of Lichuan City, and turns into an undercurrent.

The underlying flow of the river source is 16.8 km, and the drop from the water inlet to the water outlet is 141 M. There are also 18 skylights in the cave, 8 underground Pinghu, and more than 10 places of inverted siphon with no space and steep water. The Qingjiang River, after the undercurrent of the Luoshui cave, appears and disappears from time to time. It passes through the Silurian fish cave, Xiangshui cave, Guancai gorge and black hole. It is the Xuezhao river.

From the black hole to cheba, Xuezhao River faces high mountains on both sides, and the river is turbulent, with a total drop of 423.9 meters. In the meantime, the "TIAOYU square" in yijiawan, near Mugong, is a place with rocks crossing the river and torrents surging; the man stone in zhujiaba is blocked and water flows out from the stone gap, which has been known as "Tianlou Dizhen" since ancient times.

Qingjiang River flows into Enshi River Valley, the slope is gradually gentle, and the river is gradually gentle and flat. Qingjiang five kilometers out of the South Gate of Enshi, then into the "Fu three jump.". At this point, the river bank is narrow, and the foot of the rock has been washed by the river for a long time, resulting in serious collapse. The rocks are piled up, and the beach is densely covered. The wild and uninhibited water is just like a dolphin rushing through the rocks. Once the dry season comes, the beach rocks will appear, showing the scene that the cat can cross the river by leaping three times, so it is named "Leaping three times" (another saying is that the local dialect takes "tiger" as "Leaping three times") ”So Fu San Tiao is the mistake of "tiger San Tiao".

From Fushan jump down to mianyangkou, a 58 kilometer long process, here is another section of dangerous flow in the upper reaches of Qingjiang River, which is difficult to see. There are dangerous rocks in high mountains, rocks piled up, meandering streams running Trent, beach and tuobi.

From mianyangkou down to Jingyang in Jianshi County, the appearance of Qingjiang has changed. However, we can see that the cliff is deep and steep, the pool water is clear and blue, the high land on the coast is paddy field or dry land, and the villages are connected with each other. Jianshi is especially famous for its corn production, which is known as "jinjianshi" in history.

The Qingjiang river turns around Jianshi to yesankou, and then enters Badong County. After 26 kilometers, it reaches Shuibuya. Shuibuya power station has an installed capacity of 1.6-2 million kilowatts and an annual power generation of 4.1 billion kilowatt hours.

Not many miles down from Shuibuya, Qingjiang River enters Changyang Tujia Autonomous County. The Qingjiang River flows into the middle and lower reaches because it collects thousands of tributaries. The 3.5-kilometer-long half gorge from Yanchi is the first gorge in the "Qingjiang Three Gorges". It is located in Yuxiakou town. In the gorge, the mountains are rugged and the cliffs are steep. The clear current flows slowly from the narrow cliffs. Qingjiang River to Zhaolai River and out of the half gorge, flow 5 kilometers is Changyang west border town fishing gorge. "Zhaomianyan" and "Xianglu stone" have been passed. Qingjiang River from Yuxiakou Tangtang East, through Tianchikou to Taoshan, where 50 kilometers to Ziqiu town. On the top of heiyantou, there is a memorial to the seventy-seven martyrs of the Sixth Army of the workers' and peasants' revolutionary army who died during the agrarian revolution.

From Ziqiu to Bashan gorge, the second gorge in the "Qingjiang Three Gorges" is 15 kilometers. In the meantime, four kilometers below Ziqiu, there used to be a big and small maozi beach. Maozitan soon entered Bashan gorge. On both sides of Bashan gorge, the crags and cliffs are opposite, and the hanging springs and caves are opposite. The river is clear and blue, and the experience is like washing. Because of this, Bashan gorge has been a throat and military resort since ancient times. It was once known as "Guhan pass" in history. It not only served as the front fortress of Ba people, but also as a closing door of "Chu Su King resisting Shu (BA)". It was a historical witness of the struggle between Chu and ba. Extending to the Six Dynasties, Bashan county was established, which got its name. With the formation of Geheyan reservoir area, yiyingtan dangerous fish bridge on Qingjiang River.

From Bashan down, through the long beach, Malian, duck mouth, line 18 kilometers to the town of wuluozhongli mountain. Wuluo Zhongli mountain is the birthplace and memorial place of the Tujia people's founder, Huijun manba. In the south side of Qingjiang main channel, 30km west of the county, surrounded by river water, it is the largest island in Geheyan reservoir area. The mountain is precipitous and beautiful. In 1984, the Xiangwang temple was rebuilt on the top of the mountain to worship the ancestor of the Tujia family. At present, there are Xiangwang temple, Baihu Pavilion, Deji Pavilion, shishentai stele garden and other buildings in Wuluo Zhongli mountain scenic area. At the same time, there are two red and black caves for tourists to see. Deji Pavilion is in memory of the goddess of salt water. The legendary goddess of salt water was originally a capable and beautiful woman. Originally, she used to "fish and salt, willing to stay together" to detain her husband on the way to the West. However, because she was not allowed to do so, she sacrificed her life to complete her career of developing "land". The emperor of heaven was moved by her spirit of Deji people, so she was granted the title of Deji empress with Xiang Wang Enjoy the world fireworks. Chiheierxue is the birthplace of the five surnames of Baman. From Wuluo to Zhongli mountain, you can enter Pingluo gorge through the arm stone, which is the last gorge of the famous "Qingjiang Three Gorges". Zhongjiawan, Dayan Township, at the south end of Pingluo lake, has a famous "changyangren" fossil cave. The changyangman fossil was discovered in 1956. At the same time, more than 40 kinds of associated animals such as rhinoceros, panda, elephant, wild boar and antelope were found. In 1957, Mr. Jia Lanpo, a famous paleoanthropologist and Paleovertebrate scholar in China, officially named him "Changyang man".

5 km down from Pingluo lake is Geheyan Water Control Project. From Geheyan down 4 km, Dan water from Jinyangkou from the north bank into. Five kilometers down from Jinyangkou, you will arrive at longzhouping Town, the capital of Changyang Tujia Autonomous County. Longzhouping is a millennium old town. Longzhouping has a 3176 meter dyke along the river.

The Qingjiang River runs eastward to xiangjiaxikou of Moshi city through shizhuguan, and then goes down to Yidu city. There is Gaobazhou Water Control Project downstream. Qingjiang here, the original is "seven difficult eight fish, a total of nine continents, 72 beach on the Ziqiu" scene, beach dangerous repeatedly, water surge. The construction of Gaobazhou has become a peaceful reservoir area. Not long after the water came out of Gaobazhou, the Qingjiang River passed through the mouth of Lucheng river Into the Yangtze River.

Channel characteristics

The main stream of Qingjiang River is divided into three sections: the upstream section from Heyuan to Enshi is 153 km in length, with an average riverbed gradient of 6.5 ‰. There are many high mountains and valleys, with rugged terrain, fast flow, large drop, rich in water resources, and there are many undercurrent and karst caves along the river, such as the section of Changyan main stream in Lichuan, with an undercurrent of 26 km and mingxuezhao River; the middle section from Enshi to Ziqiu is 160 km in length, with an average riverbed gradient of 1.8 ‰; and the section from Ziqiu to Qingjiang River The estuary is downstream, 110 km long, with an average gradient of 0.74 ‰. In the middle and lower reaches, there are low mountains and hills, and the valley gradually widens, which is a semi mountain stream type. The terrain of Qingjiang River Basin inclines from west to East. Except for three large basins in the upper reaches of Lichuan, Enshi and Jianshi, and a few hills and plains near the estuary, more than 80% of them are mountains, showing the landform of high mountains and deep valleys.

The Qingjiang River has a natural drop of 1430 meters. The theoretical energy storage of the whole basin reaches 2.9 million kilowatts. The hydropower resources can be developed, the installed capacity is 1.77 million kilowatts, and the annual power generation is 9 billion kilowatts. The water energy reserves between Enshi and Changtan are concentrated, so it is suitable to build a large reservoir with power generation, flood control, shipping and other benefits. After the completion of Geheyan hydropower project, the installed capacity can reach 1.2 million kilowatts. There are only some small motorized ships above Maoping, and 5-20 ton motorized ships below 137 km. Among them, 22 kilometers below Moshi, supported by the Yangtze River, can be seasonally navigable 500 ton ships.

hydrographic features

Limestone is widely distributed in the basin and karst landform is developed. It has a mid subtropical monsoon climate, with annual precipitation of 1415 mm, mainly in summer. The runoff depth is about 870 mm. The annual average discharge of Qingjiang estuary is 464 m3 / s, the annual average water volume is 14.7 billion m3, the maximum annual runoff is 21.1 billion m3 (1954), and the minimum annual runoff is 8.2 billion m3 (1966). One year

Chinese PinYin : Qing Jiang