Mao Zonggang

Mao Zonggang

Mao Zonggang (1632-1709) was born in the fifth year of Chongzhen and died in the 48th year of Kangxi. He was a Chinese literary critic with a humble life.

Mao Zonggang's version of the romance of the Three Kingdoms has changed a lot in plot, not only adding and deleting, but also rectifying the contents, adjusting the diction and changing the poetry.

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Mao Zonggang is a native of MaoYuan (Changzhou, now Suzhou, Jiangsu). He imitated Jin Shengtan's method of deleting the outlaws of the marsh and obtained the ancient version of the romance of the Three Kingdoms. He deleted Luo Guanzhong's original work and wrote comments between the chapters, entitled "Shengtan waishu" and "Shengshan Bieji". He pretended that Jin Shengtan's preface was at the beginning of the volume, which was called the first talent book. This is the 120 chapter edition, which is popular instead of the old edition. The plot of the romance of the Three Kingdoms by Mao Zonggang has changed a lot, not only adding and deleting, but also rectifying the contents, revising the diction and changing the poems. Compared with the original work, the orthodox idea and destiny thought of respecting Liu yincao are obviously strengthened, and the performance skills and character modification are also improved. According to records, this book was revised by Mao Zonggang in cooperation with his father.

When Liu Bei visited WoLonggang for the second time, he came to Zhuge Liang's thatched cottage and looked up to see a couplet on the middle door: "indifference to ambition, peace and distance." So I was deeply attracted. Under the couplet, Mao Zonggang said, "I want to see him as a person." At this time, Zhuge Liang did not come out, but the couplet showed his attitude towards life, simple life, and extraordinary ambition.

In hongzhiben's Romance of the Three Kingdoms, there was no couplet, which was added by Mao Zonggang. Later generations all said that if the supplement is good, the good thing is that it adds elegant color to the thatched cottage, and introduces the "human nature" of the master of the thatched cottage in a concise and comprehensive way, which has played the role of a seer. According to Shu Tao Wu, the earliest couplet in China came from Meng Chang, the leader of Shu after five dynasties. The content of the couplet is "Celebrating the new year and celebrating the Spring Festival in Changchun", which is the first couplet in history. Zhao Zhixin, the author of tonal spectrum, clearly pointed out that "two sentences are couplets, and four sentences are Jue (sentences), which started in the Six Dynasties".

Why did Mao Zonggang add such a couplet? Of course, it is out of depicting Zhuge Liang's image more truly. It seems that he is not only familiar with Zhuge Liang's works, but also familiar with his character.

Zhuge Liang once wrote a Book of admonishment for his son, which combined with his own life experience to warn his son that he should pay attention to his thoughts and academic cultivation in order to set up lofty ideals. In this book of admonishment, the most famous words are as follows: "a gentleman's journey is to cultivate his moral character by being quiet, to cultivate his virtue by being frugal, not to be indifferent, not to be wise, not to be quiet, not to be far away. If you want to learn, you have to be quiet. If you don't learn, you can't broaden your talents. If you don't want to learn, you can't succeed. " "Tranquility" means concentration without interference; "indifference" means not to be vain, to live in poverty and be happy with the way, so as to make one's ambition consistent. With ambition, we still need to learn. Only by learning can we broaden our talents. In order to learn well, we need to have a clear direction and motivation, which is "ambition" and "learning without ambition". Obviously, this couplet of Zhuge Liang thatched cottage is extracted from this passage.

In fact, these two words are also Zhuge Liang's motto and a true portrayal of his life. In the 37th chapter of the romance of the Three Kingdoms, Mao Zonggang criticized: "the language of indifference and tranquility is Kong Ming's life skill." After Zhuge Liang came out of the mountain, he was highly valued by Liu Bei and became Prime Minister of Western Shu. However, he still kept the indifferent life of the former thatched cottage and worked hard to realize his ideal. He has nothing to ask for but the salary provided by the government. It is often "the family does not have the surplus wealth", "the concubine does not have the vice clothing". That is to say, in addition to what she is wearing, her wife doesn't even have an extra set of clothes. When he worked hard, Zhuge Liang was even more engrossed, forgetting to eat and sleep. At the end of his life, he proposed to simplify his funeral instead of burying him in a thick way. Thus, at that time, Zhuge Liang was a man of morality and self-cultivation.

The couplet added by Mao Zonggang not only makes the thatched cottage shine, but also makes people respect Zhuge Liang, which can be called the finishing touch. What's more, the influence of these two sentences on posterity is immeasurable.

Nowadays, most of the popular romance of the Three Kingdoms is based on Mao Zonggang's version. Mao Zonggang revised it into the popular version according to the version of Ming Dynasty. Now the 120 chapters of the romance of the Three Kingdoms is Mao Zonggang's revised version. Because Mao edition has been handed down for a long time, the characters also have many advantages, which make it easier for the general public to read. Therefore, it has become the most popular version at present. Although maoben has some defects, it still has its influence.

He once reviewed and engraved the romance of the Three Kingdoms, revised Luo Guanzhong's original edition, reorganized his bibliography, revised his diction, cut off his praise, added and deleted trivial matters, and changed his poems and essays, which has become a popular 120 chapters edition so far. His revision and comments, based on Zhu Xi's "compendium of general evaluation", strengthened the feudal orthodox concept of respecting Liu and dethroning Cao, and his artistic analysis also included many eight part essays, which did not break away from the habit of the critics at that time.

The romance of the Three Kingdoms

The first time

The three heroes of Taoyuan banquet make contributions

It is said that Wei De Tian Shi, Wu De geography and Shu De Ren He are the three great powers that will prosper. First, there are three small bandits, namely, Tian Gong, Di Gong and Ren Gong. For example, Liu Ji will be the son of heaven, with Wu Guang and Chen she first; Liu Xiu is the son of heaven, with red eyebrows and bronze horses. The three bandits lead to the Three Kingdoms, which are all the guests and hosts; the three Zhangjiao brothers lead to the three Taoyuan brothers, which are the guests and hosts again.

Today's alliance, must worship Guandi; I do not know Taoyuan day, and worship what God? It can be seen that the allies, the hearts, and the gods of the African Union. Nowadays, people are fond of genealogy, but they often do not recognize their families. Let's take a look at the three meanings of Taoyuan, which have their own surnames. We can see that the agreement of brothers is one heart and one virtue, not the same surname and the same clan. If we believe in God without faith, regardless of virtue or surname, we can't set up a religion like Zhang Jiao's three. And the three of them, why do they see the peach garden like this!

Qi Dong's words of extreme collapse are enough to incite the fool, such as "heaven is dead, Huang Tian should be established". And an knows that the three volumes of the book of heaven of Nanhua Laoxian are not Zhang Jiao's fallacies, but people believe them! If you look at it from the front, you will be able to deal with it; if you look at it from the back, you will be able to see the sign of the change from the beginning of Huang Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty.

In his busy schedule, Liu and Cao suddenly entered the two biographies: one was a big child, the other was a traitor; one was after King Jing of Zhongshan, and the other was often serving his grandson: he was sentenced to be humble. Later generations still take Wei as the orthodoxy, but the book "Shu soldiers invade the enemy" is not true?

Xu Shao said, "you can govern the world, but you can be treacherous in troubled times."? Shao means the latter language, and Cao Xi also likes the latter language. Joy is evil, danger, straightness, rudeness, unusual and ill intentioned. Only this joy is the true nature of the treacherous hero.

The second time

Zhang Yide angrily whipped the postmaster and uncle he tried to kill the official

Yide wanted to save Lu Zhi, but he didn't; he wanted to kill Dong Zhuo, but he didn't; and now he's met with du you, and he can't bear it! It is another yellow scarf that the governor Posts harm the country and the people. A meal of wicker is the second best way to break the yellow scarf.

Writing Yide is very impatient, and he is very slow when he takes over. Haste never makes trouble, but slowness makes trouble. People say that Xiang Yu can't bear it because he is impatient, while Gaozu can bear it because he is slow. Xiang Yu engraved the seal, but he could not bear to seal it. At the Hongmen meeting, fan zengsan held Jue, but he could not bear to send it. He was still hesitating. How could he be impatient? The four thousand jin of Gaozu's gold can be donated; the land of Sanqi, Jiujiang and Daliang can be cut; the seal of the six kingdoms can be sold; the agreement of chasm can be recited. The key lies in being decisive. Why is it slow?

In the Western Han Dynasty, eunuchs were more popular than their relatives, while in the Eastern Han Dynasty, eunuchs were more popular than their relatives. At the beginning of the reign, it produced and recorded several dangerous Han Zuo, and then Wang Mang moved to the Han Ding. The eunuchs, such as Honggong and Shixian, were not as powerful as the Eastern Han Dynasty. It was the death of the Western Han Dynasty, and it was also the death of relatives. If not in the Eastern Han Dynasty, their relatives and eunuchs went up and down. The eunuch, for example, killed Dou Xian by Zheng Zhong and Liang Ji by Shan Chao. For example, Dou Wu saw that he was killed in the front, while he Jinfu saw that he was killed in the back. It was the death of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which was caused by the official system. However, Dou Wu was too much to be defeated, and he Jin was too much to be defeated. Why? He said: it's also the reason for calling foreign soldiers. The relatives were too much to win. When they called for foreign soldiers to win, the front door refused the tiger and the back door entered the wolf, so the country was not the king's country. Those who disorganized the Han Dynasty were officials. Those who died in the Han Dynasty are also from other towns. And those who call outside the town are also relatives. However, it is said that the death of the Eastern Han Dynasty was also caused by his relatives.

In the biography of Xuande, Cao Cao was suddenly narrated, and in the biography of Xuande, Sun Jian was suddenly mentioned. One is Taizu of Wei, the other is Taizu of Wu. Although fending belongs to Sun Quan, Fuxian is here. This is the place where all the customs are concerned.

The rise of the three great powers will be first led by three clowns, and then by many clowns. Never be practical, never be frank. However, today's officials could have been added at will, but they were straightforward!

The third time

On Wen Ming, Dong zhuochi, Ding Yuan, Li Su and Lu Bu

The son of heaven is the sun. If the sun borrows its light from the firefly, it will not be the sun. Later generations took Kongming in Shu as the ruler of Changgeng. Fu Changgeng, then solid than fluorescent 100 times also.

Li Su said that Lu Bu's writing is full of flowers. The most difficult thing to say is to persuade people to betray and kill others. If we don't talk about it now, we should teach him to talk about it.

Traitors in the emperor's side, in addition to the expensive secret, expensive speed. It's not secret that Dong Zhuo used his power to attack him. It's not quick to watch the change. He Jin doesn't know when to be secret, and Zhuo knows it, so it's not secret; He Jin doesn't know when to be fast, and Zhuo knows it, so it's not fast

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