Bi Yuan

Bi Yuan

Bi Yuan (from September 29, 1730 to August 24, 1797) was born in Yangxian County, Jiangnan Town (today's Taicang City, Jiangsu Province). He was named Lingyan mountain person with the word "Huo" and small word "qiufan". He was a famous scholar in Qing Dynasty.

He lost his father when he was young and studied under Shen Deqian. He liked the study of Jinshi geography. He was elected in the examination, awarded a letter to the cabinet, and moved to Zhangjing. In the 25th year of Qianlong (1760), he was the number one scholar and was awarded the editing of Hanlin Academy. He successively served as a bachelor's degree and Prince Zuo Shuzi. In fact, he was awarded the Daotai of Gongqin stage in Gansu Province, the Daotai of Anshu stage, the chancha envoy of Shaanxi Province and the buzhengshi of Shaanxi Province. Governor of Henan and governor of Huguang.

Emperor Jiaqing ascended the throne and rewarded the inheritance of the captains of Qingche. In the second year of Jiaqing (1797), he died of illness and was awarded the crown prince. He was implicated in the case of He Lin, who was convicted of copying his family and dismissed from office. His works include xuzizhitongjian, chuanjingbiao, classics differentiation and correction, and lingyanshanren poetry anthology.

Life of the characters

Lucky to win the first prize

Bi Yuan was born in 1730 in Zhenyang (now Taicang, Jiangsu Province). He lost his father when he was young. He was raised by his mother Zhang Zao and was deeply influenced by his mother. Later, he went to Lingyan mountain in Suzhou and learned from Shen Deqian.

Qianlong eighteen years (1753), Shun Tian rural examination.

In the 22nd year of Qianlong's reign (1757), as a Juren, he gave a letter to the cabinet and wrote and concluded an imperial edict. Later, he joined the military aircraft office and served as the military aircraft Zhangjing, known as "small military aircraft", responsible for writing edicts, recording files and checking memorials.

In March of 1760, Bi Yuan took part in the examination. The examination is divided into three sessions, one on the ninth day, one on the twelfth day and one on the fifteenth day. In April, Bi Yuan was on the list. Whether or not they can be accepted depends on the palace examination on April 26. The time of the palace examination is one day. Those who fail to complete the examination papers will be listed at the end of Grade 3A. Those who win the examination dare not relax and prepare nervously in order to win.

On the night of April 25, Bi Yuan and his colleagues Zhu Chongguang and Tong Fengsan were on duty at the military aircraft department. All three of them passed the examination. The palace examination will be held tomorrow. Zhu and Tong want to go back to their apartment to prepare for the examination. They ask Bi Yuan to be on duty alone and say, "our calligraphy is good and we are expected to win the first place. If you can't do calligraphy, don't think too much about it. Do it for us! " The imperial examination did lay particular stress on calligraphy. Seeing that the two colleagues said so, Bi Yuan agreed. On that night, Huang Tinggui, governor of Shaanxi and Gansu provinces, transferred his memorial to the military aircraft Department on the issue of garrison work in Xinjiang, and Bi Yuan studied it in detail. The next day, the palace examination was held in Danlong of Taihe hall.

The content of the palace examination is a combination of the classics, history and current affairs. The minister who read the papers (i.e. the reviewer) made a secret plan in the Wenhua hall one day before the examination, and sealed it for the emperor to read. After the issue, the minister who read the papers went to the cabinet with him. Under the supervision of the censor, the letters in the cabinet were transcribed on yellow paper. In the evening, craftsmen were gathered to print in the cabinet hall. The commander of the guard army led the Guard Academy to strictly inspect outside the cabinet. The printing was finished in the early morning of the next day. The examination papers were sent to the hall of supreme harmony. The candidates knelt down and went back to their desks to answer the questions. Bi Yuan opened the examination paper and found out that the current affairs policy was to ask about Xinjiang's land reclamation. He has a plan in his mind and is ready to write.

On the second and third days, the ministers who read the papers read the papers in the Wenhua hall. Bi Yuan's regular script is not very good, but his argument is profound, which attracts the attention of the minister who reads the volume, ranking fourth. On the fourth day, Emperor Qianlong listened to Bi Yuan's papers in Zhonghe hall, and the minister read them. He was very appreciative of Bi Yuan's papers and was promoted to the first place in the first class. Zhu Chongguang won the first and second place in the list. Tong Fengsan was ranked sixth in the top two. When Zhu and Tong learned about Bi Yuan that night, they all sighed.

Ups and downs of official career

After Bi Yuanzhong became the number one scholar, he was awarded the title of "the number one scholar" by the Imperial Academy. His official career has entered a new stage.

Bi Yuan's greatest achievement during his stay in Shaanxi Province was his emphasis on literature and education. Guanzhong university is a cultural and educational institution that inherits Guanzhong school. This kind of scholar centered folk education system, from Zhang Zaifa, the founder of Guanxue in the Northern Song Dynasty, to Shoushan academy founded by Feng Congwu in the Ming Dynasty, has become an important base for spreading Guanxue thoughts. Its great influence soon spread to the northwest, and even students from Sichuan, Hubei and Henan provinces came to study. In the fourth year of Tianqi (1624), Wei Zhongxian castrated the party and was banned and closed down because of the Qing Dynasty.

In the early Qing Dynasty, Jia Hanfu, governor of Shaanxi Province, rebuilt the ruins in 1663 and renamed it Guanzhong Academy. However, due to the cultural autocratic policy implemented by the Qing government in the early stage, this style of study full of personality was out of date, and the education of various schools gradually fell into silence. In 1775, Guanzhong college was almost deserted. However, Bi Yuan attached great importance to the value of "Guanxue". Soon after he took office, he did not avoid suspicion, sought social talents, renovated Guanzhong University, and used his fame to invite teachers. In addition to political affairs, he also went to teach in person, which made this important Guanzhong school town with a history of nearly a thousand years shine brilliantly. Its light was widely spread in Guanzhong, and scholars from all over the country began to learn, and achieved fruitful results. The records in the local records that "most of Guanzhong townships, those who won the examination or those who won the library election are scholars of the academy" should be true. Therefore, there was an academy in Guanzhong at that time that "talents of Guanzhong all over Qinzhong" praise.

In 1765, he was promoted to a Bachelor of Arts in the Imperial Academy.

Qianlong 31 years (1766), moved to the left Shuzi, the actual grant of Gansu Gongqin rank Taoist, namely gongchang Fu (Fu Zhi now Gansu Longxi), Qinzhou (Zhou Zhi now Gansu Tianshui), rank state (Zhou Zhi now Gansu Wudu) one Prefecture two prefectures of the governor. He once went out of the pass with the governor Mingshan, and was able to inspect the land. After the adjustment of the road.

In the 35th year of Qianlong reign (1770), he was granted the censor of Shaanxi Province. When Emperor Qianlong went on a tour, Bi Yuan appeared in court and told him of the drought in Gansu Province. Emperor Qianlong issued an edict for relief, which saved him from 4 million yuan of land tax.

Qianlong 36 years (1771), promoted Shaanxi buzhengshi.

In 1773, he was promoted to governor of Shaanxi Province. The Yellow River, Luoshui River and Weihe River were inundated, and the warehouse was opened for relief, saving a number of people's lives. More than 80 hectares of wasteland have been reclaimed. Dredge canals and irrigate fields. Ji's "Five Classics" doctor, worship Wen, Wu, Cheng, Kang four kings and Zhou Gong tomb. Repair the Huayu temple and other places of interest. Collect inscriptions and store them in the Academy.

In the 41st year of Emperor Qianlong's reign (1776), Hualing was awarded to those who had made great achievements.

In 1778, it was said that there was an official named Gaopu who privately collected jade from Yeerqiang and transported it back to Beijing. Bi Yuan arrested and interrogated Gao Pu's servant, but didn't ask anything. Emperor Qianlong issued a decree to reprimand Bi Yuan for his carelessness.

In 1779, Qianlong's mother died and left to watch the funeral.

In 1780, the governor of Shaanxi Province was short of members. Emperor Qianlong issued an edict: "Bi Yuan has been in Xi'an for a long time. Bi Yuan was specially appointed to act as governor of Shaanxi. This is a special case, not a precedent for mourning on the job. "

In March 1781, a civil strife broke out in Hezhou, Gansu Province. Bi Yuan, together with Xi'an general Wu Mitai and Tidu Ma Biao, led his troops to suppress the civil strife. The incident was peaceful and meritorious. Emperor Qianlong rewarded Bi Yuan with a piece of clothing. Some counties and prefectures in Gansu Province falsely reported the disaster and falsely claimed relief, but Bi Yuan did not participate in it. Emperor Qianlong asked Bi Yuan to convict himself. Bi Yuan asked for a fine of 50000 taels of silver to pay for his army. The crime of impeaching Bi Yuan by censor Qian Lizuo should be equal to the crime of risking relief, and should be dealt with according to the crime of risking relief.

In 1782, Emperor Qianlong issued a decree to deprive one of the top wearing items and reduce them to three.

In the 48th year of Emperor Qianlong's reign (1783), it was restored to Yipin top. At the end of the mourning period, he was granted the title of governor of Shaanxi.

In 1784, civil strife broke out again in Gansu Province. Bi Yuan sent troops to suppress it and was rewarded by Emperor Qianlong.

In February of 1950, he was transferred to governor of Henan Province. Bi Yuan said that the area along the North Bank of the Yellow River has been dry for years, so the rent and tax can't come up, and the warehouse is empty. Please reserve 200000 stones of grain for use. It is not allowed to hoard grain and rice without permission, and the price of grain should be fixed. Dredge the Jialu and Huiji rivers to facilitate water transport. All his requests were approved. According to the imperial edict, we went to investigate the source of huaishui and found that it originated from Tongbai mountain. Emperor Qianlong wrote Huaiyuan Ji and gave it to him.

In June of 1786, Emperor Qianlong awarded Huang Lihua as governor of Huguang. Qin Guodong, the chief murderer of officials in Yiyang County (now Ruyang County, Henan Province), was not arrested for a long time. Emperor Qianlong issued a decree to reprimand him and return him to the governor of Shaanxi Province.

In 1788, the Yangtze river burst in Jingjiang River. Emperor Qianlong ordered Bi Yuan to be governor of Huguang. Bi Yuan arrived at the post, Shangshu: "the Yangtze River flows from Songzi (now belongs to Hubei) to wanchengdi of Jingjiang River, and turns to the northeast. There is no place for Jingjiang River to disperse. Please build a mound and a stone dam at yanglinzhou on the opposite bank to force the water to flow southward and wash the sand on the island, so as to overcome the obstruction. " Please also build dams in Xiangyang and other places, and dig the dangerous beaches of the Yangtze River in Sichuan and Hubei, so as to facilitate the water transportation of Yunnan iron and steel. At the end of the same year, Zhang Xuecheng went to the Wuchang department to join him. He chose a residence in Shuilu street, Wuchang, to publish 200000 volumes of his private book collection and let Zhang Xuecheng compile books and write records. It has been completed in Macheng Tongzhi, Hubei Tongzhi and historical records research.

In the 55th year of Emperor Qianlong (1790), He Lin, the favorite Minister of Emperor Qianlong, celebrated his 40th birthday. Bi Yuan wrote 10 poems as a gift to the prime minister.

In 1794, there was a rebellion in Ankang, Shaanxi Province and Daning, Sichuan Province (now Wuxi, Chongqing). It was rumored that Bi Yuan came from Hubei Province and was demoted as governor of Shandong Province.

Qianlong 60 years (1795), again granted Huguang governor. Shi Sanbao, a Miao Nationality in Hunan, rebelled. He was ordered to go to Changde and Jingzhou to supervise the payment, and did his duty to reward Dai Hualing.

In the first year of Jiaqing (1796), Nie Renjie, a native of Zhijiang (now Hubei), rebelled against Baokang (now Hubei), Laifeng (now Hubei) and Zhushan (now Hubei) and besieged Xiangyang. Bi Yuan went to Zhijiang from Chenzhou (now Yuanling in Hunan Province) to suppress, Dangyang (now Hubei Province)

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