Mei Zengliang

Mei Zengliang

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Mei Zengliang (1786-1856) was a Chinese essayist in Qing Dynasty. The word Bo Yan. Jiangsu Shangyuan (now Nanjing) people. Daoguang two years (1822) Jinshi. Mei Zengliang seldom liked parallel prose, made friends with Tongyi Guan, and turned to ancient prose. Yao Nai is the lecturer of Zhongshan academy, and both of them come out. Guan Tong died early. He once lived in the capital for more than 20 years. He inherited Yao Nai's power. His literary name is quite prosperous. Most of the scholars who study ancient Chinese literature follow the law of meaning and have the tendency of succeeding in the literary world.

Life of the characters

Character experience

Mei Zengliang (1786-1856), formerly known as Zeng Yin, was born in Shangyuan (now Nanjing), Jiangsu Province. His ancestral home was Xuancheng, Anhui Province. He moved to Jiangsu Province when he was Zeng Zu. He grew up in a family of poetry and books with a cultural atmosphere. His ancestor was Mei wending, a famous mathematician. His father, Mei Chong, was full of poetry and books. He was elected in 1800.

His mother, Hou Zhi, had revised Tanci "rebirth fate" in person, so he was influenced by a good family environment from his childhood. When he was young, he was good at poetry and prose. Jiaoguantong, Fang Dongshu, Yao Chun, Mao Yuesheng and so on were all literati.

When he was 18 years old, he took Yao Nai as his teacher. "Yao Nai is the lecturer of Zhongshan Academy. Zeng Liang and the people of the city are in charge of the Academy. They are the best friends. They are the same as each other. It's an ancient prose. Nai calls it not to be spoken, and it's very famous.".

Jiaqing 25th year (1820).

In the second year of Daoguang (1822), he was a Jinshi and was assigned to Guizhou as a county magistrate. Because his parents were old, he didn't go to the post, so he told him to take a photo the next year.

In the next few years, he joined Deng Tingzhen, governor of Anhui Province, and Tao Shu, governor of Jiangsu Province.

In the 12th year of Daoguang, he came to Beijing again.

In the 14th year, he was appointed as a doctor of the household department. In the 29th year of Daoguang, he returned to his hometown and spent nearly 20 years as an official in the capital.

Mei Zengliang claimed: "Zeng Liang lived in the capital for 20 years. He had a quiet view of human affairs. He had a little understanding of the truth of the news. He had no ambition to forge ahead for a long time. Although he was a strong official, he went against the ears of tourists." As a result, he sighed that "I have been an idle official for 19 years" and "my old friend has pitied me for a long time in Beijing, and the official taste is as thin as gauze". Finally, in the 29th year of Daoguang, I bid farewell to my friends in the capital and returned to my hometown.

Resigning from office

Mei Zengliang lectured at Yangzhou plum blossom Academy in the last years of Daoguang and the early years of Xianfeng. In the third year of Xianfeng (1853), the Taiping Army led by Hong Xiuquan captured Nanjing. Mei Zengliang avoided the chaos in Wangshu village, and later "Zengliang supervised Yang Yizeng according to the river". Xianfeng died in Qingjiang in the sixth year at the age of 71. His works include Baijian Shanfang anthology, Shiji, wensequel, shisequel, pianti Wen, etc. in addition, he has 24 volumes of guwencilue.

In the era of Mei Zengliang's life, the decadent rule of the Qing Dynasty has been exposed, and the domestic and international contradictions have become increasingly intensified. He was in a turbulent political situation. Like Yao Ying and other Tongcheng writers, he still maintained feudal ethics and rule, cared about the safety of the country, and showed great concern for state affairs and reality.

It is our duty to save the time and the world

He advocated that scholars should take saving the time and the world as their own duty. In Shangwang Shangshu, he wrote: "Zeng Liang has been a good observer of the ancients' words since he was young, and he has made a distinction between the most important way to deal with the chaos since he wrote the contract. He thinks that those who are born in the world should not be allowed to survive. The best way is to assist the emperor to control all things and force the masses to move. The second way is Dong Zhongshu of Han Dynasty, Changli of Tang Dynasty and Ouyang of Song Dynasty. It's hard to cover a person who waits for the time, but if he doesn't wait for the time, he will steal it, though he can't catch it. " He thinks that those who have a good career should have their own position, should carry out their ambition, and take it as their duty to assist the emperor and help the world. Those who have excellent talent, blocked official career and no hope of promotion should not be discouraged. They should take it as their duty to "prosper Taoism, distinguish right from wrong, and control chaos". Only in this way can they really benefit the world. He said in his book Fu Zou Songyou: "a gentleman's name is not known when he is ill. A wise man is not happy when he changes without thinking. If you have the heart to see yourself in the future, you don't have to regard my world as my will. " Advocating officials, either meritorious, or speech, everyone should play their intelligence for the world.

Long before the Opium War, he wrote such political works as Shi Shuo, min Lun, Xing Lun and Chen Shi Lun, exposing and criticizing the shortcomings of officialdom and some political affairs. He said: "the trouble in the world is not caused by the intricacies of the situation. It is caused by illegal orders that are not available. It is not caused by lack of money. Those who live as officials have the heart to do nothing, and it is a great danger to take their position as a post and go away with it. " It is still of great significance today to advocate that "the increase of law must begin with those who are expensive", "those who shoulder heavy responsibilities are thick", "those who shoulder light responsibilities are thin", and to expose the corruption in feudal society. In shangshangshangshu, shangwangshangshu and fuwangshangshu, he discussed the national economy and people's livelihood, planned the way of governing the country, and cared about the safety of the country. According to the way of governing the country that he heard and the current situation of Chinese society, he praised Japanese politics in his article "recording the state affairs of Japan". He aimed at criticizing the bad social atmosphere of Chinese society, which is that there are many levels of officials, many levels of dictatorship, mutual constraints, not doing practical things and overstaffed people. After the outbreak of the Opium War, he even showed a patriotic enthusiasm, fighting against foreign aggressors and boosting the morale of the officials and the people. In shangmou Gongshu, he actively supported the fight against British imperialist aggression. In his writings such as biography of Wang Gang's day and records of Zhengqi Pavilion, he eulogized the heroic deeds of fighting against the aggressors and mourned the dead soldiers who fought against the enemy bravely. In his book with Lu Lifu, he summed up the lessons of all previous failures since the outbreak of the Opium War, and put forward the tactics of luring the enemy to land in order to promote our strengths and overcome the enemy's weaknesses. In Xu LIUCHEN's preface to his 50th birthday, he pointed out that the reason for China's failure in the war was that "China did not have many non soldiers, did not win grain, and did not get angry.". All of the above shows his patriotic thought of caring about the future and destiny of the country and the nation, which is also the foundation of his academic and literary thoughts.

Character achievement

Mei Zengliang played an important role in the development of Tongcheng school. On the one hand, because he was frustrated in officialdom, his official career was not smooth, and he devoted himself to the study of ancient prose. His achievements in ancient prose creation were higher than those of other writers in the same period, which attracted many scholars to join the family. Fang Dongshu highly praised him: "deep reading, high mind, so the understanding of super and micro view, on the core of things, to its writing, high simple mellow ancient, unique style of writing of the ancients. This number has not been seen since the Northern Song Dynasty and the yuan and Ming Dynasties. Although he did not dare to promise that he would be able to survive in the Song Dynasty, he was able to stand side by side with the great masters of the Song Dynasty Yao Ying said: "Boyan has been a Langguan of Hubu for more than 20 years. He has a very high level of cultivation. He has no ability to compete with poetry and ancient prose. With his income, he advocates good ancient prose and benefits the public. Therefore, Mr. Yao Nai's theory covers Daming." On the other hand, in the later period of Daoguang, the more famous Tongcheng ancient writers died one after another, which objectively provided a superior external environment for the formation of ancient prose creation with Mei as the center. During this period, Mei Zengliang lived in the capital for a long time, made friends with scholars, and accepted disciples all over the place. He naturally became the core figure to carry forward the prose theory of Fang, Liu and Yao, the masters of Tongcheng school. How did Mei Zeng Liang inherit and develop the literary creation theory of Tongcheng school?

Mei Zengliang further elaborated the theory of Qi advocated by Liu da. Among the four ancestors of Tongcheng school, Liu Da's thesis has attached great importance to "Qi". He said: "in the old days, people said:" literature is based on Qi, and Qi can't be ignored. Qi can't be ignored. Qi can't be ignored because of its strength. " Mei Zengliang further developed Liu's point of view. He said: "if Fu's ancient prose is different from other styles, the first one can't be broken. If there are two heads and two tails, it will be broken. It is said that the articles of the Six Dynasties are disorderly and unorganized. My husband's coat and lower garment have become a part of each other. If you add clothes to your clothes and there are clothes under your clothes, there will be no rules. If it can form a chapter, it will be even more vigorous. " It can be seen that Mei Zengliang attaches great importance to the integrity of his writing. He also said: "Wen Qi is valued for straightness, but its body is valued for flexion. If you are not straight, you will not be able to smooth your chances. If you are unyielding, you will not be able to express your feelings. Therefore, those who are good at poetry and prose are only able to express their feelings. " That is to say, the article should be good at twists and turns while the theme is bright and complete at the same time, and should not be exposed directly. Because objective things are always complex and changeable, writing to express profound ideas, rich content, it needs more twists and turns, so as to express accurately and completely, receive good results.

Character evaluation

Article features

Mei Zengliang's paper focuses on "Qi Zhi Ti Qu", inherits Liu Dakui's idea that "syllable is the sign of spirit" and Yao Nai's idea that "ancient poetry should be written by sound witness", and emphasizes recitation but ignores grammar. He said: "if you want to get Qi, you must ask for it from the ancients. The humanities of Zhou, Qin, Han, Tang and Song dynasties are all excellent. A man who observes a book only uses one of his eyes as an official. Reciting it is beneficial to an official. And out of the mouth, into the sound, and smooth in the gas. The man who is angry is the best of me. The essence of my body is the essence of the ancients, so it's harmonious and there is no interval. In the period of the Republic of China and the dynasty, the best people were born with it. The sound comes from recitation, and the writing comes from words. " As long as we read the ancient prose into recitation, we can get the essence of the ancients with our own essence. It can be seen that "recitation" is very important. He said in the book of Taishan's Essays: "Taishan's family wrote essays with people, but they described their diligence and methods of reading essays. This secular thought is circuitous and crude. However, when the secular literature is popular, its Qi is not prosperous; when it is recited, its Qi is not prosperous; when it is followed, its CI is abundant; when it is followed, its thick and thin, its priority is not commensurate with the situation

Chinese PinYin : Mei Ceng Liang