gou

gou

Li Gou (1009-1059), whose name is Taibo and his name is Mr. Xu Jiang, was an important philosopher, thinker, educator and reformer in the Northern Song Dynasty.

He was born in the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty when he was "poor and weak". Although he was born in a humble family, he could work hard to encourage himself, study hard, and write hard in order to secure the country and help the people. He is good at debating and writing. He is not equal to Mao's talent. He is self-sufficient in giving lectures and has a total of 100 scholars. Li Gou is erudite and knowledgeable, especially good at etiquette. He did not stick to the old ideas of the Confucians in the Han and Tang Dynasties. He dared to express his own opinions and reason about the classics. He became a "temporary Confucianist". Today, there are 37 volumes of zhishuo Mr. Li's anthology, and three volumes of waiji.

In memory of Li Gou, a new Xujiang Academy was built in Nancheng County near the former Xujiang academy, and a white marble statue of Li Gou was placed.

Personal profile

Li Gou, a native of Nancheng (now Nancheng County, Fuzhou City, Jiangxi Province), lived in jinmufang, North Street of the county. Confucian scholar, famous thinker, philosopher, educator and poet in Northern Song Dynasty. At the age of 40, he was recommended by Fan Zhongyan as an assistant teacher of Taixue. Later, he was called "Li Zhijiang", so later generations called him "Li Zhijiang". Li Gou's family founded Xujiang academy by the Xujiang River, so he was also called "Li Xujiang", and scholars called him Mr. Xujiang.

Li Gou has a humble family background and calls himself "a small citizen of Nancheng". He is intelligent and studious. When he was 5 years old, he knew the rhythm and learned calligraphy. When he was 10 years old, he was familiar with poetry and prose. After 20 years old, his articles gradually became famous, but the imperial examination was frustrated again and again, and his official career was slim. From then on, he retired to his home, supported his mother and devoted himself to writing.

Xujiang Academy was founded in 1043. In the same year, he was invited by the sheriff to run a school and teach apprentices. "He was the Confucian School of Xujiang for a time" and was known as "Mr. Xujiang". Zeng Gong and Deng Runfu, who once held the important post of censor, were all his high disciples. Wang Anshi also had contacts with him. In his answer to Wang Jingshan's book, he mentioned that he had adopted Li Gou's opinions, and Deng Runfu actively participated in Wang Anshi's reform.

Fan Zhongyan wrote in the first year of Huangyou (1049), saying that Li Gou "talked about the six classics, argued clearly and clearly, and saw the purpose of sages with relief; he wrote books and made speeches with the style of mengke and Yangxiong". Later, he was recommended by Fan Zhongyan, Yu Jing and others for many times, and he was awarded as the assistant teacher of Taixue. He successively held the posts of Taixue Shuo Shu, Haimen (now Haimen in Jiangsu Province), Taixue zhishuo, etc.

In 1059, Quan Tong was in charge of goutaixue. He buried his grandmother and asked for leave to return home. He died at home in August. He was 51 years old and was buried at the foot of Fenghuang mountain.

Li Gou is not only a thinker, but also a writer. He wrote a great deal of works in his life. Before he died, he compiled 12 volumes of "retreat manuscript" and 8 volumes of "Huangyou sequel". His student Deng Runfu compiled six volumes of Houji for him. There are 37 volumes of the collected works of Mr. Li zhishuo (also known as the complete works of Mr. Xu Jiang). In 1981, Zhonghua Book Company collated and collated Li Gou's collection, which contains 370000 words.

Later generations paid more and more attention to Li Gou.

During the reign of Emperor Gaozong of Song Dynasty in Shaoxing, the Shixian building and Sixian hall were built in Nancheng. Li Gou and Chen Pengnian were sacrificed together, and Li Gou was painted in Dacheng Hall of Junxue to promote later learning.

Li Zong Baoyou two years (1254), Lixing Wentang to worship.

In the first year of Chenghua in Ming Dynasty (1465), Li Taibo ancestral hall was built in Jianchang;

In the eighth year of Chenghua period, a special order was made to allow zuozan to rebuild Ligou's tomb.

After the founding of the people's Republic of China, Li Gou's philosophy was listed as an important research project.

Li Gou once studied in Magu mountain and gave lectures in the forest. He wrote a lot of praises to his hometown Magu mountain: "I regret that Magu is far away, but Cai Qi, king of Burma, is still in the past. The spring of zhuodan in Zhichuan is the place where the bamboo slips of the Tang Dynasty are preserved. Danya Cuibi, invite Taiqing. Blue hall, purple altar, clear wind and white moon. The rain drops slip away, and the wind shakes the bell at the corner of the building. "

Li Gou was a great master in Jianchang Prefecture. During the reign of Shaoxing in the Song Dynasty, Shixian building and Sixian hall were built in Nancheng. Li Gou and Chen Pengnian were sacrificed together. Li Gou's portrait was painted in Dacheng Hall of Junxue in past dynasties, which inspired later generations. There are Li Taibo ancestral halls in Nancheng, Lichuan and Zixi. The existing Li's family temple in sankou village, Songshi Town, Zixi was built by Li's descendants in the Qing Dynasty, with a huge plaque of "the beginning of Neo Confucianism".

Life of the characters

Tian Huang Shi Zhou

Li Gou is a descendant of Li Yuanying, the king of Teng. However, some people think that his ancestors have gone down to the royal family of the Southern Tang Dynasty. We should know that the Southern Tang Dynasty was destroyed by the Zhao and Song dynasties. If he is a descendant of the royal family of the Southern Tang Dynasty, he would dare to give lectures everywhere and be valued by the Zhao and Song dynasties? Will Zhao and Song Dynasties let the descendants of a regime destroyed by themselves have such great influence under their own rule? This is obviously impossible, and it was in the early Northern Song Dynasty. The real lineage of Li Gou's ancestors is as follows: the first ancestor is Li Yuan of Tang Dynasty, the second ancestor is Li Yuanying of Teng king, the third ancestor is wan Wugong, the fourth ancestor is qianyigong, the fifth ancestor is yiyiyigong, taboo Zhen, the sixth ancestor is Gong, the seventh ancestor is Liufu Jun, the eighth ancestor is 14fu Jun, the ninth ancestor is Shoufan, the tenth ancestor is Zhongchang, the eleventh ancestor is Yuyu, the twelfth ancestor is Sangong, taboo Yankuan, and the thirteenth ancestor is Yuyu, Li Gou's father Li Shanfu is the nephew of Li Gou. Kui Gong, Li Gou's great grandfather, and Yu Gong, Li Gou's great grandfather are brothers. Li Gong, the sixth ancestor of Li Gou, and Li Wei, his cousin, began to multiply from Yihuang to Nancheng in the middle of Tang Dynasty. They were the ancestors of Li's family in Nancheng. At that time, both Zixi and Xincheng (Lichuan) belonged to Nancheng Under the jurisdiction of Cheng County, the descendants of Gong Gong who stay here today are mostly distributed in Zixi and Lichuan, and the emigrants are all over the country. This is the family background of Li Gou, who is the "Tianhuang Shiwei".

Smart since childhood

Li Gou was smart and eager to learn when he was young. He began to "study calligraphy" at the age of six or seven, and could write articles at the age of twelve. When her father died at the age of 14, her mother "studied farming and practiced Female Arts at night" (epitaph of my late wife), so she could avoid the pain of being cold and discouraged. After three years of mourning, he began to study abroad at the age of 17. After 20 years old, the article gradually enjoys the fame.

Failure of imperial examination

Like other scholars, Li Gou also wanted to pass the imperial examination, ascend the official career and do a career. However, he was repeatedly frustrated on his way to the imperial examination and failed to fulfill his wish. He sighed to himself that "he was born in seclusion, and who would be better if he didn't advance himself?" During the reign of Jingyou, he walked to Bianliang, the capital city (now Kaifeng, Henan Province), to seek the way of becoming an official, but he came back with no result. The next year, he took part in the rural examination and lost his reputation. In the first year of the Qing Dynasty (1041), there was an order to call for examination. Li Gou entered Beijing, but failed to win the election. He was "worried about the age" in the capital, and was not in his hometown. After these attacks, he had no intention of becoming an official and lived in seclusion. Nancheng established the school and was employed as the teacher of the county school. Xu Jiang academy was founded by professor.

Establishing Academies

Li Gou failed in the imperial examination many times. He made a living by teaching and founded Xujiang Academy. There were hundreds of scholars. Later, recommended by Fan Zhongyan, he served as an assistant professor of Taixue and spoke directly. He died at the age of 50. In the Northern Song Dynasty, the style of study in Jiangxi emphasized practical application, which was advocated by Ouyang Xiu, followed by Wang Anshi and Li Gou.

Be practical and practical

Many of his thoughts supported Fan Zhongyan's "Qingli New Deal" in theory, and were the ideological origin of Wang Anshi's "reform" later. Li Gou attached great importance to the study of rites because he attached great importance to the practice of the world. The fifth chapter of Zhou rites to the prince is his representative theory of "Tongjing Zhiyong". Wang Anshi later wrote Zhou rites Xinyi. Because of his emphasis on practicality, Li Gou opposed Mencius and wrote Changyu to refute Mencius' thoughts. He opposed the so-called "valuing justice over benefit" and thought that "what is benevolence and justice but not beneficial?" (original text of Li Gou Ji) became the driver of "non Mencius" thoughts in Song Dynasty. He was one of the representatives of the anti Buddhism and Taoism thoughts during the Qingli period. Li Gou's works include Xujiang anthology, and now there is a punctuated edition of Li Gou anthology. Among them, Li Lun, Zhou Li Zhi Tai Ping Lun and Qingli min Yan are his representative works of thought and scholarship.

Not stick to the old etiquette

Li Gou is erudite and knowledgeable, especially good at etiquette. He did not stick to the old ideas of the Confucians in the Han and Tang Dynasties. He dared to express his own opinions and reason about the classics. He became a "temporary Confucian school". There were 100 scholars from all over the world. Zeng Gong and Deng Runfu were all his students. Later, he was recommended by Fan Zhongyan and Yu Jing. In the second year of emperor you's reign (1050), he aimed to teach general Shi Lang and imperial examination assistant. Jiayou two years (1057), with Guozijian play, called for Taixue storytelling as before. In the fourth year of Jiayou's reign, he was in charge of goutaixue. He asked for leave to return home because of his grandmother's funeral. He died at home in August.

Main achievements

thought

Li Gou was an important thinker in the Northern Song Dynasty. He wrote books and made bold innovations. In philosophy, he held the monistic view of "Qi" and thought that the contradiction of things was universal. In epistemology, he admitted that the subjective came from the objective. Therefore, he became the leader of the Song Dynasty School of philosophy and occupied an important position in the history of Philosophy in China. Li Gou also had a progressive view of social history. He boldly put forward the theory of utilitarianism and opposed the false moral concept that Taoists were not allowed to talk about "profit" and "desire". He explained social and historical phenomena from the basic point of view that actual material interests are the basis of human social life. He believed that "the reality of governing the country must be based on the use of money" (the first part of the rich country policy). The foundation of governing a country is economy and material wealth. Therefore, he opposes the opposition between actual material interests and moral principles, that is, "interest" and "righteousness". Li Gou realized that the crux of the imbalance of material wealth lies in the unreasonable land possession. In order to solve the problem of land, he specially wrote a Book of leveling land, which proposed the idea of "equalizing land" and "leveling land". In order to save the Northern Song Dynasty

Chinese PinYin : Li Gou