Li Qiao
Li Qiao
Li Qiao (645-714), a native of Zanhuang county (now Zanhuang County, Hebei Province), was named Jushan. The Prime Minister of the Tang Dynasty.
He was born in dongzufang of Li family in Zhao county. He was a Jinshi in his early years. He successively held the posts of Anding Xiaowei, Chang'an Wei, censor, geishizhong, Runzhou Sima, Fengge Sheren and Lintai Shaojian. Wu Zhou period, attached to the brothers of Zhang Yi. During the reign of emperor Zhongzong, attached to empress Wei and King Wu Sansi, he was granted the title of Duke of Zhao. During the reign of emperor Ruizong of Tang Dynasty, he was demoted to be the governor of huaizhou and became an official in his old age. When Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, he demoted Chuzhou and moved to Luzhou. In 714, he died in Luzhou at the age of 70.
Li Qiao was famous for his diction before his death. He was also known as "Su Li" together with Su Wei, Du Shenyan and Cui Rong. In his later years, he became "the old writer". He has been an official in Five Dynasties, and he has followed the trend of the times.
Life of the characters
Early experience
Li Qiao had a rare talent. At the age of 15, he was proficient in the five classics. At the age of 20, he passed the entrance examination. At the beginning, he was awarded the title of Anding County lieutenant. He was promoted to Chang'an County Lieutenant because of his first-class promotion in the system examination. He was as famous as Luo Binwang and Liu Guangye in Ji Wei. Later, Li Qiao was transferred to Sanyuan county.
Li Zhi Tai Pavilion
In the first year of diaolu (679), Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty sent troops to fight against the Liao rebellion in Yongzhou and Yanzhou (in today's Guangxi). At that time, Li Qiao was appointed as the censor of the imperial court. He followed the army to the south, went into the tusk cave personally, announced the imperial edict, and successfully recruited the rebels. In the first year of Tianshu (690), Wu Zetian became emperor, established Wu Zhou, and promoted Li Qiao to be geishizhong. In the first year of Changshou (692), di Renjie, Li Sizhen, Pei Xuanli and other ministers were falsely accused of treason by Lai Junchen, a cruel official. Wu Zetian then ordered Li Qiao to review the case together with Zhang Deyu, Shaoqing of Dali, and Liu Xian, Shi Yushi. Li Qiao went up to Emperor Shu and argued for Di Renjie and others, so he disobeyed the order and was released as Sima of Runzhou. In the second year of longevity (693), Li Qiao was recalled to the imperial court as a member of Fengge, responsible for drafting the imperial court's documents. In the first year of Shengong (697), Li Qiao acted as the Minister of Tianguan, and later entered the bailuntai junior prison (i.e. Secretary junior prison).
As prime minister
In the first year of the holy calendar (698), Li Qiao was promoted to prime minister, and was granted the title of luantaiping in tongfengge. At that time, Wu Zetian ordered Zhang Yizhi and Zhang changzong to edit the three religions Zhuying, and quoted a large number of well-known "literary scholars" to participate in the compilation. Li Qiao and Yan Chaoyin, Xu Yanbo, Zhang Shuo, song Zhiwen, Cui Shi, Fu Jiamo are all among them. In the first year of Jiushi (700), Li Qiao was appointed the Minister of luantai and Zhang Shi of Tongping. In July of that year, Zhang Xi, the Minister of the heavenly government, worshipped the prime minister. Li Qiao, the nephew of Zhang Xi, was not suitable for cohabitation with his uncle, so he was dismissed as Chengjun sacrificial wine. Later, Li Qiao acted as the agent of Zuo Cheng in Wenchang and served as the left behind capital of the East. In the third year of Chang'an (703), Li Qiao paid homage to the prime minister again and served as zuocheng and Zhangshi of Tongping in Wenchang. Soon he was promoted to Nayan. At that time, the brothers of Zhang Yizhi made great efforts to recruit scholars. Li Qiao, together with Cui Rong, the Minister of rites, Su Wei, the Minister of Fengge, and Wang shaozong, the young supervisor of Lintai, all attached themselves to the door of Er Zhang. in the fourth year of Chang'an (704), Li Qiao changed his post as an internal history officer. He resigned several times because of heavy administrative work. Then Wu Zetian appointed him again as the official of Chengjun sacrificial ceremony and Tongping Zhangshi. In November of that year, Li Qiao was removed from the post of prime minister and served as Minister of prefectures. In the first year of Shenlong (705), Emperor Zhongzong of Tang Dynasty restored and killed Zhang Yizhi's brother. Li Qiao was demoted to be the governor of Yuzhou, and he was demoted to be the governor of Tongzhou before he left. However, a few months later, he was recalled to the central government and granted the title of minister of the Ministry of officials and the title of Zanhuang County man. Before long, Li Qiao was promoted to the title of secretary of state, and became the county magistrate. He invited a large number of non official officials (officials other than the fixed number of officials, not the official establishment), hoping to obtain the time with private benefits, hoping to be able to take advantage of this position again. As a result, the bureaucracy overflowed, the national treasury reduced consumption, and the election system fell into chaos. In the second year of Shenlong (706), Li Qiao paid homage to the prime minister as the Minister of the Ministry of official affairs, and conferred three titles of tongzhongshu. At that time, the emperor's son-in-law Duwei Wang and Jiao conspired to punish the courtier Wu Sansi, and finally he was sentenced to prison for treason. Li Qiao participated in the trial, but he was afraid of Wu Sansi's authority and did nothing, which led to Wang Tongjiao's unjust death, which was called resentment in the world. In July of that year, Li Qiao was promoted to the throne. He resigned because of the confusion in the election, and wrote more than ten articles about the gains and losses of current politics. Tang Zhongzong believed that Li Qiao had failed in his administration, and issued an imperial edict to comfort him and restore him to his original position. In the third year of Shenlong (707), Prince Li chongjun launched a mutiny to kill Wu Sansi and his son, and then attacked the palace city. Finally, he was defeated and killed. At that time, Tang Zhongzong and empress Wei went to Xuanwu Gate to avoid chaos during the mutiny, while Li Qiao, Yang Zaisi, Su GUI, Zong Chuke and Ji Chuna supported two thousand soldiers and settled in front of the Taiji hall behind closed doors. Later, Zong Chuke instructed ran zuyong to report that Wei Yuanzhong, the former prime minister, was guilty of treason. Li Qiao echoed, but was reprimanded by Tang Zhongzong. In the second year of Jinglong's reign (708), Li Qiao was also a Bachelor of xiuwenguan, supervised the compilation of national history, and became the Duke of Zhao. In the third year of Jinglong (709), Li Qiao was removed from the post of Zhongshu Ling and was transferred to three ranks: tejin (Sanji), Shangshu of the Ministry of war and tongzhongshu. At that time, Zong Chuke and Ji Chuna were intrigued and formed a group of friends. Li Qiao, as the prime minister, had nothing to do with the government.
In old age
Jinglong four years (710), Tang Zhongzong collapse. Empress Wei did not mourn. She called the prime ministers Li Qiao, Su GUI, Zong Chuke and other 19 people into the forbidden area to discuss the future affairs. At that time, Princess Taiping and Shangguan Zhaorong drafted an imperial edict, ordering King Wen Li chongmao to ascend the throne. Empress Wei was in charge of the government, and the Prime Minister Li Dan was in charge. However, Zong Chuke and other Wei's confidants suggested that Li Dan's responsibility of assistant politics should be removed on the ground that "his sister-in-law and uncle could not ask.". Among the prime ministers, only Su GUI objected, while Li Qiao and others did not say a word. In the end, Li Dan was removed from the role of assistant government, and Webster became the Empress Dowager. After Li Qiao played Wei in secret, he thought it was not suitable to leave Li Chengqi, Li Longji and others, the sons of Li Dan, the prime minister, in the capital. In June of that year, Li Longji launched the Tang Long coup, killing empress Wei and her cronies, and making Li Dan emperor, known as Tang Ruizong in history. In July, Li Qiao was demoted to be the governor of huaizhou, and soon became an official in his old age. In 712, Emperor Ruizong of the Tang Dynasty retired as emperor. Prince Li Longji ascended the throne, known as Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. He found Li Qiao's original playing watch in the palace and announced it to his courtiers. Zhongshu Ling Zhang said that "Jiegou barks at Yao, each is his own master", and Li Qiao should not be held responsible. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty then asked Li Qiao to go to Qianzhou with his son Qianzhou governor Li Chang. In the second year of Kaiyuan (714), Li Qiao was impeached by Guo Zhen, the censor of the Wei Dynasty. He was held responsible for "being the prime minister and unable to rectify" when empress Wei's rebellion. Although he has become an official, he is still demoted to Chuzhou Biejia. Later, Li Qiao was transferred to Luzhou Biejia, and died of illness at the age of 70.
Main achievements
Political achievements
Calm down the disorder in Lingnan
During the reign of Emperor Gaozong, Li Qiao was with the army to fight against the Liao rebellion in the south of the five ridges.
Restrain the politics of cruel officials
Li Qiao was not afraid of the cruel officials, and Shangshu argued for the unjust ministers such as di Renjie. In the later years of Empress Wu Zetian, he and Huan yanfan played the role of emperor one after another. He suggested that the minister who died unjustly in the cruel official politics should be vindicated, and was finally approved by the emperor.
Literary achievements
Li Qiao was a literary leader in the period of Empress Wu and Emperor Zhongzong. He was called Su Li together with Su Wei, and four friends of the article (Cui Li, Su DU) together with Du Shenyan, Cui Rong and Su Wei. In his later years, he was respected as an old writer and was highly praised by people of the time. He is good at using allusions in official affairs, emphasizing parallel couplets and beautiful diction. Zhang, the famous Prime Minister of Kaiyuan, praised his literature as "good gold and beautiful jade", while the old book of Tang called his literature "the hero of a generation". Li Qiao once wrote 120 poems of miscellaneous chants, which are divided into twelve categories: Qian Xiang, Kun Yi, Ju, cultural relics, weapons, music, jade and silk, Fu Wan, Fang Cao, Jia Shu, Ling bird and Xiang beast. Each of them takes one word as the title, which is also called "single title poem". One poem chants one thing, such as "sun" and "Moon", etc. This group of zayong poems was annotated by Zhang Tingfang in the sixth year of Tianbao (747) and later spread to Japan. In the Heian era, it became an important kindergarten reading material for the aristocracy and the gentry. Most of the later critics hold a negative attitude towards Li Qiao's poems. Wang Fuzhi in the Qing Dynasty talked about the development of chanting poetry in Jiang Zhai Shi Hua. He thought: "Li Qiao is a big hand, and chanting poetry is especially meaningful. It's neatly cut, but business is dull, so it's also a craftsman.". After the prosperous Tang Dynasty, there was a work of expressing feelings with things. " Qiao Xiangzhong called Li Qiao's chanting poems in the history of literature of Tang Dynasty: "at first glance, the title is dazzling; in fact, it is full of stale carving and numerous official affairs allusions, which are lifeless and boring." Nowadays, most people think that Li Qiao's chanting poems are just a little ingenious writing, and have little significance. Li Qiao's poems have the largest number of five rhythms and the highest achievements. He reformed the unreasonable factors in Qi and Liang's theory of tonality. In addition to emphasizing the "antithesis" of the level and tone in a couplet, he began to pay attention to the rule of "Stickiness" between the upper and lower couplets, so that the rhyme of leaves in a couplet developed into the harmony of the whole text. No matter chanting things, responding to system, describing scenery and expressing feelings, they are all "elegant in style, grand in syntax, strong in syllables and more precise than the couple". Hu Yinglin juxtaposed Li Qiao's banquet Ganlu palace with Du Shenyan's early spring outing, Chen Ziang's late happy hometown, Shen Quanqi's suqipan and song Zhiwen's retinue Dengfeng as the best five character poems in the early Tang Dynasty. Li Qiao's poems traveled eastward to Japan with his envoys in the middle Tang Dynasty
Chinese PinYin : Li Qiao
Li Qiao
