Jinsha River

Jinsha River

This entry is compiled and applied by "popular science China" Science Encyclopedia

to examine

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Jinsha River is the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in China. It is named for the yellow sand in the river. Also known as rope water, flooding, Lushui. The boundary river between Sichuan and Tibet. The birthplace of Jinsha River (that is, the birthplace of the Yangtze River) is located in the Tuotuo River, the main peak of Tanggula Mountain in Qinghai Province in the 1970s. In 2008, the survey suggested that the Shangyuan and Zhengyuan of Dangqu originated in the northeast of the nameless mountains 5054 meters away from the North Branch of the eastern section of Tanggula mountains, and it was administratively subordinate to jieduo Township, Zaduo County, Yushu prefecture.

When the song converges with the Tuotuo River in Tanggula Mountain town of Golmud City, it is called Tongtian River. The main stream of the Yangtze River flows through Zhiduo County, qumalai County, Chengduo county and Yushu county. It is below zhimenda village of Yushu prefecture (zhimenda village, Xiewu Town, Chengduo County, the entrance of Batang River). It is called Jinsha River

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Jinsha River runs through Sichuan, Tibet and Yunnan provinces, where Yalong River, the largest tributary, flows into it, and it is named Yangtze River when it reaches Namin River in Yibin, Sichuan. From the headwaters of Qinghai Province to the main stream of Yibin City, the length of the river is 3481 km (3364 km)

）The drainage area is 502000 square kilometers (473200 square kilometers)

）About 26% of the Yangtze River Basin. The annual average flow is 4750 m3 / s. It is mainly supplied by precipitation, supplemented by groundwater and ice melt water.

The drop of Jinsha River is 3300m (5100m)

）The water resources are more than 100 million kilowatts, accounting for more than 40% of the water resources of the Yangtze River. The main stream is planned with multi-level cascade hydropower development. The Jinsha River is characterized by steep flow, dangerous situation and difficult navigation. Jinsha River is the main source of sediment in Yichang station of the main stream of the Yangtze River due to its steep riverbed and strong water erosion.

Business card picture: Deqin County section of Jinsha River, Yunnan Province

Name evolution

Jinsha River is the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, the largest river in China. As early as 2000 years ago, it was called Heishui in Yugong, which was written in the Warring States period. Later, it was called Shengshui in Shanhaijing.

Xu Shen's Shuowen Jiezi and Hanshu geographic records in the Eastern Han Dynasty called the upper part of the Yalong River flooded, while Ruoshui (Yalong River) was the main stream. During the Three Kingdoms period, it was called Lushui. Zhuge Marquis Wu "crossed Lu in May and went deep into Lushui.". Li Daoyuan of the Northern Wei Dynasty first described the water system of the Jinsha River in detail in shuijingzhu, but failed to explain the relationship between the Jinsha River and the main stream of the Yangtze River. In addition, Jinsha River also has the names of Lishui, Mahu River and Shenchuan.

Along the river is rich in sand gold, "gold was born in Lishui, silver from Zhuti." In Song Dynasty, it was renamed Jinshajiang river because of the large amount of sand gold in the river. The poem "Jinsha River slogan" written by the poet Zhen zhisui said: "the people of the river compete to say that it's hard to work, and ten thousand grains of yellow sand are a grain of gold. If you don't know the official gold casting threshold, how many Qianshou lost their time. " Xu Xiake, a geographer of Ming Dynasty, put forward that "Jinsha should be the first to push the source of the Yangtze River" after field investigation, thus confirming Jinsha River as the upper source of the Yangtze River and correcting the fallacy of "Minshan guiding the river" for two thousand years since Yugong.

General situation of main stream

Jinsha River, as the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, refers to the main reach of the Yangtze River, which starts from zhimenda, Yushu prefecture, at the junction of Qinghai Province and Sichuan Province, and ends at hejiangmen, Cuiping District, northeast of Yibin City, Sichuan Province.

Upper part

Jinsha River flows from the Batang estuary of Yushu, Qinghai Province to the southeast, passing through zhimenda of Yushu prefecture, to Zhenda (Zhenda township of Shiqu County) and into Shiqu County of Sichuan Province. Then it flows between Sichuan Province and Tibet Autonomous Region. It passes through Dengke Township and Gangtuo town of Sichuan Tibet fortress under the jurisdiction of Jiangda County, Tibet, and then turns to the southwest, ouqukou in the northwest of Baiyu County, and then turns to the northwest Then it flows southward to ZANGQUKOU and requkou, then goes straight southward through Batang (baquhekou), to the northeast of Deqin County, and into Yunnan Province, passing through songmaihekou, benzilan, and to shigu (shigu Town, Yulong Naxi Autonomous County). The upper part of the river is 965km long, with a drop of 1720m and an average gradient of 1.78 ‰.

On the left bank of the Jinsha River from north to South are tall queer mountain, Shaluli mountain and Zhongdian snow mountain; on the right bank are facing Damala mountain, Jingning mountain, Mangkang mountain and Yunling mountain. The river flows along the North-South fault zone or in line with the fold trend. The valley between the high mountains is generally 100-200 meters wide, and the narrow part is only 50-100 meters. Tranquil mountain on the right bank, Lancang River to the west of Yunling mountains. To the west of Lancang River, it passes over the towering taniantaweng mountain and Nushan mountain, which is the Nu River with steep valley. To the east of Shaluli mountain on the left bank is Yalong River, the largest tributary of Jinsha River. These big rivers are tightly bound by high mountains and roughly parallel to the south, forming a unique geographical unit Hengduan Mountain area where valleys and peaks alternate and rivers flow to the south side by side.

This section of Jinsha River has high mountains, deep valleys and steep canyons. Except for the wide river valley due to the distribution of alluvial cones at the mouth of tributaries, most of the valley slopes are steep, with a gradient of 35 ° to 45 ° in general. Many river sections are cliffs, with a gradient of 60 ° to 70 ° or more. The height difference of the valley between Dengke and benzilan can reach 1500-2000 meters. Because of the narrow range between the two sides of the watershed, the average width of the watershed is about 120 km, the narrowest near Dengke, only 50-60 km, and the widest near Baiyu County, only 150 km. Because the width of the basin is not large, the tributaries are not well developed, the water network structure is generally dendritic, and the short tributaries of some river sections are vertically injected into the main stream, and the water network structure is "non" shaped.

middle part

From shigu Town, Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County, Yunnan Province to Xinshi Town, Sichuan Province is the middle section of Jinsha River. The river is about 1220 km long and flows between Sichuan and Yunnan provinces. After passing shigu (shigu Town, Yulong Naxi Autonomous County), the flow direction of Jinsha river changed sharply from southeast to northeast, forming a unique "U" shaped curve, which became a sharp turning point of the Yangtze River flow direction, known as "the first bend of the Yangtze River". From April 24 to 26, 1936, the Red Army crossed the Jinsha River at shigu ferry, where the water situation was gentle.

Below shigu, the river gradually narrows to Qiaotou town, Zhongdian County, at the mouth of shuodoogang River, a tributary on the left bank. Not far to the northeast, it enters the Tiger Leaping Gorge, which is rare in the world. The gap between the top and bottom of Tiger Leaping Gorge is only 16 kilometers, with a drop of 220 meters. The average gradient is 13.8 ‰, which is the most concentrated section of Jinsha River. In the gorge, the water surface is 60 meters wide and only 30 meters narrow, and there are huge stones standing in the river. It is said that a tiger once leaped across the river, so it is named hutiaoshi, and Hutiaoxia also gets its name. The rapids in the gorge are flying down and roaring with a maximum velocity of 10 m / s. The right bank of the canyon is Yulong Snow Mountain with an altitude of 5596 meters, and the left bank is Haba snow mountain with an altitude of 5396 meters. The river surface in the gorge is less than 1800 meters above sea level, and the height difference between peaks and valleys is more than 3000 meters. The valley slope in the gorge is steep, with cliffs standing on the wall, showing a "V" shape Canyon landform in childhood.

Jinsha River flows out of Tiger Leaping Gorge and northeastward to Sanjiangkou (the junction of Bo Township in Ninglang County, Luoji Township in Shangri La County, fengke Township in Yulong County, and Oya Township in Muli County, known as the place of Jiming two provinces and four counties). The left bank receives Shuiluo River and turns to the south, forming the biggest bend of Jinsha River. To the south of Sanjiangkou, the river flows between mianmianshan on the left bank and Yulongshan on the right bank, with Hongmenkou River on the left bank and heiheshui River on the right bank.

Crossing wulanghekou on the left bank (the estuary is in Yongsheng County, Yunnan Province. Jinsha River enters the country from Songping Township in the north of the county, turns eastward along the west to the south through Daan and shunzhou, and leaves the country after passing Taoyuan, Pianjiao, Dongfeng, Renhe and other towns. The length of the territory is 215 km

）The dam site of Zili water control project was planned near Jinjiang bridge. From Renhe below shigu to Zili in the south section of the great bend, the river bends 264 km, but the straight-line distance is only 32 km, the drop is 550 m, and the average gradient is 17.2 ‰. Therefore, there is a long-term vision of drilling tunnels to develop hydropower by using the drop of the great bend. The river flows southward to Yanggong River on the right bank of Zhongjiang street and does not turn to the East until the west of Jinjiang street.

(the upper section is mainly located in Lijiang City. Jinsha River runs through four counties of the whole district, with a flow of 651 km. From Tacheng of Lijiang County in the northwest corner to shigu, it turns to the northeast, forming the famous first bay of the Yangtze River. Between Yulong Snow Mountain and Haba snow mountain, it forms the world-famous Hutiaoxia Grand Canyon, with cliffs on both sides, with an elevation difference of 3 790 meters, which is rich in water resources. After entering Ninglang County, it turns south and flows eastward to the southern border of Yongsheng County. After passing Huaping County, it flows into Sichuan, with an average annual flow of 1541.9 cubic meters per second and an average annual transit water of 44 billion cubic meters

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It also passes through Jinjiang DIAOQIAO, pichang, yupaojiangkou, Wanbi, Guanyinyan and Banbianjie in Dali and Chuxiong of Yunnan Province to Panzhihua City.

15 km below Panzhihua hydrological station, the left bank flows into Yalong River, the largest tributary of Jinsha River. After the Yalong River converged, the flow doubled, and the river turned to the south. Near the mouth of Longchuan River (in Yuanmou County), the tributary on the right bank, it turned to the northeast, successively to the mengguo River on the right bank (the estuary is within 34 kilometers of Wuding county) and the left bank

Chinese PinYin : Jin Sha Jiang