Nanjing Museum

Nanjing Museum is the second largest museum in China and one of the three largest museums in China. The earliest Museum in China is a large comprehensive Provincial Museum of history and art, a national comprehensive museum of history and art, and a national key Museum. It is composed of History Museum, art museum, special exhibition hall, digital museum, Republic of China Museum and intangible cultural heritage museum.

There is a permanent exhibition of "Jiangsu ancient civilization" in the history museum, which highlights the exhibition effect through a large number of cultural relics and specimens. There are 10 exhibition halls in the special exhibition hall, which are used to hold temporary exhibitions and special exhibitions, reflecting the exchange and integration of different cultures and arts. At present, "national treasure exhibition", "golden China" exhibition, "Shengshi Huacai", "display Qinggong", "precision and beauty" are on display.

There are eight exhibition halls in the museum. According to the classification of works of art, there are special exhibitions of ancient painting, ancient calligraphy, ancient sculpture, etc. at the same time, there are special museums for famous artists, including Fu Baoshi, Chen Zhifo, Su Tianci, etc.

The digital museum is divided into two parts: physical museum and network virtual museum. The physical museum, based on human emotion, shows ancient Chinese civilization, especially in Jiangsu Province. The online virtual museum not only restores the physical exhibition hall online, but also uses the network as a platform to gather the wisdom of the audience to build an "online museum" that will never be closed.

The Museum of the Republic of China takes the regional civilization of Nanjing as the theme, which directly shows the citizens' life in the period of the Republic of China. Intangible cultural heritage museum is the exhibition hall of Jiangsu intangible cultural heritage. In addition to the basic introduction of Jiangsu intangible cultural heritage projects, it displays lively folk activities, traditional handicrafts, and traditional oral performances.

Nanjing Museum

Nanjing Museum, located at 321 Zhongshan East Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing City, is one of the three major museums in China. It is called Nanyuan or Nanbo for short. Its predecessor is the National Central Museum initiated by Cai Yuanpei in 1933. It is the earliest Museum in China and the first large-scale comprehensive museum invested by the state. It is now a large comprehensive national museum, a national first-class Museum, the first batch of national museums jointly built by central and local governments, a national AAAA tourist attraction, a national key cultural relic protection unit and China's 20th century architectural heritage.

Nanjing Museum covers an area of more than 130000 square meters. It is a "one museum and six museums" structure, namely, history museum, special exhibition hall, digital museum, art museum, Intangible Cultural Heritage Museum and Republic of China Museum. In addition, the Institute has six research departments, namely, the Institute of archaeology, the Institute of cultural relics protection, the Institute of ancient architecture, the Institute of display art, the Institute of intangible cultural heritage protection, and the Institute of ancient art. It also has the only national folklore research institution in the Chinese Museum, and its Institute of Chinese cultural relics protection is known as the "top three hospital of cultural relics", which is the national cultural relic protection institution of China's paper cultural relics Key scientific research base of the Bureau.

As of 2018, Nanjing Museum has 432768 pieces (sets) of various collections and 371032 pieces (sets) of precious cultural relics. The number of precious cultural relics ranks second in China, second only to the Palace Museum. From the Paleolithic age to the present age, the cultural relics in the collection are both national and regional; they are handed down by the court, excavated by archaeologists, and some of them are collected and donated by the society. All of them are precious works of past dynasties and have attracted the attention of academic circles at home and abroad. Bronze, jade, ceramics, gold and silver vessels, bamboo and wood teeth, lacquerware, silk embroidery, calligraphy and painting, seals, steles and statues and other cultural relics all have their own historical series, which is the most direct witness of the historical development of Chinese civilization for thousands of years.

Historical evolution

In 1933, the Preparatory Office of the National Central Museum was founded by Cai Yuanpei, a modern Chinese democratic revolutionist, educator and then president of the National Central Research Institute. Mr. Cai was also the chairman of the first board of directors in person. He acquired 12.9 hectares of land in Zhongshan Gate semi mountain garden. Originally, he planned to build "humanities", "crafts" and "nature" three museums. Later, due to the current situation, he only built "humanities Museum", namely the main hall of Nanjing Museum. The building is modeled on the palace style of Liao Dynasty, designed by Xu Jingzhi, a famous architect of the Republic of China, and modified by Liang Sicheng, an architect.

At that time, through the acquisition, appropriation and excavation, about 230000 pieces of first-class treasures were collected, including the paintings of emperors and empresses of the past dynasties, the painting of Ming emperor of the Tang Dynasty and the rare national treasures such as Mao Gong Ding and Hou Mu Wu Ding.

At that time, Nanjing Museum was the only modern comprehensive large-scale museum in China that imitated the first-class museums in Europe and the United States. It was directly under the leadership of the Ministry of education at that time. Beiping history museum was once a branch of the Central Museum.

In July 1934, Fu left the Academia Sinica because he was too busy with his own affairs, and the Ministry of education replaced him with Li Ji. After Li Ji took office, he began to build the main building of the museum, and established the "Central Museum Building Committee", with Weng Wenhao as chairman and Zhang daofan, Fu Rulin, Fu Sinian, Ding Wenjiang, Li Shuhua, Liang Sicheng, Lei Zhen and Li Ji as members.

On July 26, 1934, at the first meeting, Zhang daofan, Fu Sinian and Ding Wenjiang were elected as standing committee members, and Liang Si became a special committee member. The meeting also discussed the issue of land requisition for the hospital site. On August 4, the preparatory office formally wrote to the Nanjing municipal government to collect the old Banner Land in the north of Zhongshan mennei road as the site of the hospital. In April 1935, the municipal government formally replied by letter that 100 mu of banshanyuan banner land was designated as the hospital site, and then 93 Mu was added. The cost of land price, young crops and demolition, totaling more than 50000 yuan, was subsidized by Academia Sinica and appropriated separately in 1935. The construction cost will be subsidized by the board of directors of Sino British fund of Geng by 1.5 million yuan. At that time, it was planned to build a natural museum of 1410 square feet, a humanities Museum of 1320 square feet, a Craft Museum of 2000 square feet, and a public library of 270 square feet, totaling 5000 square feet. The construction project is divided into three phases. The first phase includes the administrative office building and the humanities Museum. The humanities museum is temporarily shared by the three libraries.

At the second meeting on April 16, 1935, the regulations for the selection of architectural patterns were passed, and 13 architects including Li zongkan, Li Jinpei, Xu Jingzhi and Yang Tingbao were invited to submit their design drawings for the election. The review committee is composed of five members, namely, hang Liwu, director general of the board of directors for the management of Sino British boxer fund, Liu Dunzhen, famous architect, Liang Sicheng, Zhang daofan and Li Ji. After examination, all the patterns are not in line with the provisions of the articles of association, so it is decided to select the most suitable and valuable pattern from each picture. By secret ballot, the examination committee members unanimously selected the pattern designed by Xu Jingzhi, architect of Xingye architectural firm, and submitted it to the Ministry of education for the record. The architectural Committee of the Institute employs Xu Jingzhi as the architect of the Institute, who, together with special committee member Liang Sicheng, will revise the original drawings, survey the site of the Institute, and guide and supervise the construction work. In early October of the same year, more than 10 architectural designs were exhibited in the Preparatory Office of the museum.

On September 6, 1935, among the 13 design proposals for the election, Xu Jingzhi, the architect of Xingye architectural firm, was elected as the architect of the preparatory office. Xu Jingzhi originally designed the main hall as a Qing style building, which was modified into a Liao style building with Liang Sicheng. The interior of the exhibition room is a western style building.

In April 1936, in order to strengthen the leadership of the Preparatory Office of the Central Museum, the first Council of the Central Museum was established and the first meeting was held. The Ministry of education, together with Academia Sinica, invited Cai Yuanpei, Wang Shijie, Hu Shi, Li Shuhua, Bingzhi, Zhu Jiaju, Zhang daofan, Weng Wenhao, Li Ji, Fu Sinian and other 13 directors as directors, and recommended Cai Yuanpei as chairman and Fu Sinian as secretary-general To draft and pass the rules of procedure for the Council of the National Central Museum and the provisional general rules for the organization of the libraries of the National Central Museum, and determine that the responsibilities of the Council are to elect the president, to be responsible for examining the budget and final accounts, to supervise the custody of the collections, and to set up various special committees for academic research. On November 12 of the same year, a grand foundation laying ceremony was held. Cai Yuanpei went to Nanjing to preside over the foundation laying ceremony and the second meeting of the Council. After the death of Cai Yuanpei in 1940, Wang Shijie served as the chairman.

On June 6, 1936, the first phase of the National Central Museum began. On November 12 of the same year, the foundation laying ceremony was held. In August 1937, due to changes in the current situation, the first phase of the construction project was forced to stop work after 75% of the completion. In 1947, the first phase of the project continued according to the original design and was completed in early 1948.

At the end of 1937, due to the Anti Japanese War, the Preparatory Office of the Central Museum, together with its cultural relics, moved out of Nanjing, the capital. The cultural relics were transferred to the southwest in three ways. After several twists and turns, they were finally stationed in Lizhuang, Yibin, at the end of 1940, together with the Institute of history and language of Academia Sinica, Tongji University, China construction society, Jinling Women's University, Peking University Institute of liberal arts, etc Together, scientific research and education institutions have made Lizhuang a "cultural center of Anti Japanese War". From May 1946 to March 1947, all the cultural relics were transported back to Nanjing.

During the Japanese occupation of Nanjing, there was an air defense headquarters in the museum, which greatly renovated the completed parts, destroyed many places and caused serious losses. From August to December 1946, the architectural Committee held three consecutive meetings in the inner courtyard of Zhongshan Gate, discussed and approved the restoration project plan. Before the decision of the restoration plan, Fu Sinian, on behalf of the Construction Committee, solved the problem of Jiang Yuji, the original contractor, through negotiation, and was able to bid for another project. after

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