Pilu Temple

Pilu temple in Nanjing, located at No. 4, Hanfu street, Nanjing, was built in the Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty (1522-1566). It was originally named Pilu nunnery because it provided for piluzana Buddha. The original small nunnery was destroyed by fire in Xianfeng Period of Qing Dynasty. Later, a monk named Liang Hong created a Buddhist temple. During the same period of the Qing Dynasty, Zeng Guoquan traveled to qigongyan, Hengshan, Nanyue, and had a play with master Haifeng. He said, "if I supervise Liangjiang, I will build an nunnery for you." Haifeng vowed to manage the world's famous mountains on his behalf. Haifeng, a native of Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, lives in Hunan Province. In 1884, Zeng Guoquan was the governor of Liangjiang. He recruited Haifeng to Nanjing to build a temple. After discussing with Liang Hong, he built a temple at the site of Pilu nunnery. The generals of the Xiang army donated a large sum of money to build the main hall, Wanfo tower and Sutra collection building. They expanded the surrounding area of the former site of piluyan, reaching Qingxi River in the East, Dabei Lane in the west, Taiping Bridge in the north and Hanfu street in the south. So they changed the nunnery to Pilu temple, the largest temple in Nanjing, abbot Haifeng and qushifang temple. Haifeng under the abbot sent Zen, Fang Tian. Twenty eight years later, there were abbot Xianwen, Yibo, Gutan, Guangming, etc. From the middle period of Guangxu to the early years of Xuantong, the abbot of Yinkui xianwenzu carried out Zen study. In the first year of Xuantong (1909), master Dixian came to the temple to lecture on Tiantai religion. In the first year of the Republic of China (1912), abbot Ruisheng passed on to Tiantai Sect. In the same year, Taixu organized the Chinese Buddhist Association in Pilu Temple (the inaugural meeting was held in Jinshan Temple in Zhenjiang), and engaged in teaching and educational activities. In the eighth year of the Republic of China, Ruisheng held the Yuantong grand commandment, among which 90 were monks, 30 were nuns, 18 were male and 29 were female. In the same year, Ruisheng passed away and was appointed Abbot successively by Guantong and Wudao. The main buildings are Mountain Gate, Tianwang hall, Daxiong hall, Guanyin hall, Wanfo building, sutra collection building, Pilu hall, pagoda courtyard, Fatang hall, Zhaitang hall, etc.

Pilu Temple

Located in the east of Shangjing village, Dubei street, Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, the Pilu Temple Museum of Shijiazhuang city was built in the Tianbao period of Tang Dynasty (742-756). It is adjacent to Jiulong Lake in the East, Shijin irrigation canal and Shiyan highway in the southwest and farmland in the North.

The temple covers an area of 23 Mu and has 12 buildings, which are in turn: Shanmen, Zhaobi, Sakyamuni hall, bell tower, Drum Tower, Pilu hall, cultural relics exhibition room, cultural relics storehouse, etc. both Sakyamuni hall and Pilu hall are painted with Ming Dynasty Murals.

In 1996, the Pilu Temple Museum in Shijiazhuang was announced by the State Council of the people's Republic of China as the fourth batch of national key cultural relics protection units.

Basic introduction

Pilu temple is located in Shangjing village, the western suburb of Shijiazhuang City, the capital of Hebei Province. It is an ancient temple of Chinese Buddhism and is famous for its exquisite ancient murals. According to the collection of Fangyu and the existing steles in the temple, Pilu temple was founded in Tianbao period of Tang Dynasty, and rebuilt in song, yuan and Ming Dynasties. Originally, it had a large scale and many buildings, but now there are only Sakya Hall (front hall) and Pilu Hall (back hall).

The central platform of Pilu hall is dedicated to the Buddha, piluzana (in Hindi, meaning bright light), so the temple is called Pilu temple. There are murals in the two halls, covering an area of more than 200 square meters. It is one of the most well preserved murals of Ming Dynasty in China.

Architectural features

The front hall is the hall of Sakyamuni, which is three rooms wide and three rooms deep. The small buwa is suspended on the top of the mountain, and there is a Baoxia in front of it. There is a statue of Sakyamuni sitting on the front of the hall, with murals of 83 square meters painted on the four walls. The content is Chinese Buddhist stories and folk myths. The painting level is not as good as that of the back hall, and the preservation is not complete.

The back hall, namely Pilu hall, is also the main hall of the temple. It is built on a 1-meter-high platform, with three rooms in width and three rooms in depth. There are Baoxia in front and back, and the plane is in the shape of a cross.

At both ends of the ridge, there is a kiss from the head and the tail of the Phoenix. The eaves are far-reaching and the slope of tile roof is gentle, so the appearance is comfortable and the shape is special. It is commonly known as the five flowers and eight corners hall. There are 120 square meters of heavy color murals in the hall, among which the murals on the four walls are the most wonderful.

There are more than 500 statues of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in three rows, including heaven, hell, human world, arhat, Bodhisattva, City God, land, loyal officials and good generals. They are divided into more than 120 small groups, and each group is accompanied by a title list, forming the artistic characteristics of the three religions. The north wall is 2.8 meters high and 3.95 meters wide. The content of the mural is mainly Buddhist. There are more than 120 Taoist and Buddhist figures, such as the ten Ming kings and Emperor Shi, Fantian, Tianlong Babu, the four heavenly kings and the Jade Emperor. The East and west walls are 2.8 meters high and 7.6 meters wide. The murals are mainly Taoist.

On the east wall are painted more than 130 bodies, including the Antarctic Immortal Emperor, Fusang emperor, Xuantian emperor, dizang King Bodhisattva and Guizi mother. There are more than 140 murals in the west, such as the great emperor Ziwei of the Arctic, the great Banna, the Dragon God of the five lakes, and the true king Huguo of Chongning.

The south wall is the same in height and width as the east wall and the west wall. The murals are mainly secular figures. On the east side, there are more than 80 people, including Bodhisattvas who lead the way, martyrs who have sacrificed their lives for the country, and all the markets of jiuliubaijia. On both sides of the screen ran ghost king, City God land and many other people, ancient virtuous women and martyrs, concubines, palace women officials, etc., a total of more than 60 bodies.

Although these paintings are religious themes, through the religious curtain, we can still see the shadow of real life, and some directly depict the image of the working people.

The painting style inherits the traditional painting method of ancient murals in China, with skillful techniques, natural and unrestrained lines, gorgeous colors, vivid characters, clear primary and secondary, and well-organized.

The color of mural is based on the tone of stone green and vermilion, which achieves harmony from the strong contrast, and the color is rich and harmonious. The pigments used are mainly minerals. These pigments have good stability and long storage time. Although they have gone through hundreds of spring, summer, autumn and winter, their colors are still very bright. The mural also uses a large number of asphalt powder and gold. The whole mural looks gorgeous, magnificent and dazzling.

Ink line is a major feature of Chinese painting. The murals of Pilu temple are rich in line depiction, and the types of "line" are relatively complete and applied properly. On the basis of inheriting the excellent tradition of line drawing in Tang and Song Dynasties, it has a new development.

Starting from the actual needs of the objects, the author skillfully uses the changes of the arrangement and combination of lines, such as rhythm, scattered, virtual and real, rigid and soft, thick and thin, and unfolding, to depict the characters vividly, giving people a sense of soul and life. The content and texture of objects are also very good.

Historical evolution

Tang Dynasty is the most prosperous period of murals in China, and Wu Daozi is the most outstanding painter. According to local legend, the flying God in Beiyue temple in Quyang County and the water on the mural of the main hall of Bolin temple in Zhao county were all written by Wu Daozi.

Quyang and Zhao county, one north and one south, are less than 100 li away from Shangjing village. According to experts' research, the painting style of Pilu Temple frescoes is basically inherited from the painting style of Wu Daozi school. Some people compare it with Dunhuang frescoes in Gansu, Yongle Palace frescoes in Shanxi and Fahai Temple frescoes in Beijing, which shows that it has been attached great importance to.

Pilu temple murals are rich in content, all embracing, exquisite and of high artistic value. They are of great significance to the study of ancient social life, customs, ancient art history and traditional painting art. They are precious treasures of ancient murals in China, and are listed as national key cultural relics protection units by the state Council.

Water and land paintings of Pilu Temple

The water and land painting of Pilu temple in Shijiazhuang is rich in content and exquisite in skill, which has high historical value and artistic value. It is of great significance to the study of ancient religious development, social life and painting art. This paper analyzes its cultural background and artistic characteristics.

Water and land painting is a kind of religious painting in ancient China, which is used by Buddhism and Taoism when they hold water and land law meetings. Due to the different production techniques and materials, the land and water paintings are mainly divided into murals and scroll paintings.

The painting techniques of land and water painting are inherited from Dunhuang murals, mainly using traditional Chinese meticulous heavy color figure painting. The figure's modeling, line drawing and color setting have high artistic skills, which is a precious heritage of Chinese meticulous heavy color figure painting. The content of the water and land paintings generally includes the stories of the characters of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, including heaven, earth and hell. All the gods, Buddhas and immortals of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, such as Buddhas and Bodhisattvas, the king of Ming, Dharma protector and Weituo in Buddhism, the sun, moon and stars, Sanguan emperor, wind, rain and lightning in Taoism, as well as the portraits of Confucian emperors, princes, concubines, generals and soldiers, virtuous women and martyrs reflecting the real social life, so the water and land painting has a certain practical significance. Land and water painting is not only a religious painting, but also a folk cultural relic. A complete land and water painting is a social panorama composed of heaven, earth and human. The images and characters preserved on the water and land paintings are of great value to the study of the history of Buddhism, the integration of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, the study of belief and folklore, the study of ancient Chinese costumes, and the study of the history of Chinese fine arts. In particular, they provide a direct reference for the reading and interpretation of documents such as fasting, praying, and copying scriptures. They have become an important reference for the study of fine arts, history, and religion in the art, cultural relics, and religious circles Your information.

Pilu temple in Shijiazhuang is an ancient temple of linjizong, located in Shangjing village, Dubei Township, northwest suburb of Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province. It was first built in the 8th century in the reign of Tang Tianbao and has a history of more than 1200 years. There have been many damages and repairs in the past dynasties. Pilu temple water and land painting is an important work of water and land painting in the form of fresco in China. It is the most famous religious fresco in China with Dunhuang in Gansu, Fahai Temple in Beijing and Yongle Palace in Shanxi. But the other three only describe the content of a certain sect, only Pilu temple

Chinese PinYin : Pi Lu Si