Morality

Morality

Moral concept is the unity of moral consciousness and moral level, which is mainly manifested as the criteria for individuals to deal with the relationship with others, the collective and the society. The core of people's morality is the position of personal interests in their behavior. It includes the following two aspects: moral consciousness and moral activities. Moral consciousness includes moral concept, moral emotion, moral will, moral belief and moral ideal. Moral activities include moral behavior, moral evaluation and moral cultivation. Both moral consciousness and moral practice are embodied in moral principles, norms, norms and categories, involving all human actions. Different classes have different moral principles. In our society, people's moral standards basically have four levels: (1) the realm of selfishness. This is an immoral state. （2） Public and private. It is an intermediate state of moral level. （3） Public affairs before private affairs. It has initially established the realm of collectivism morality. （4） The realm of selflessness. One of the most noble moral realm.

brief introduction

First, what is morality? Morality is the code of conduct and norms of people in common life based on ideology. It is not an iron doctrine, and there are no written rules to regulate it. It is generally through public opinion or some kind of class ideological propaganda to form a certain order in people's life and play a binding role. In short, it is the unwritten rules of social groups.

Then, morality is your understanding and position of this ideological rule. For example, premarital sex is immoral, which shows that he has a moral view on sex; while some people think premarital sex is not immoral, then he has a different moral view from the former.

Generally speaking, morality is the consensus of social groups, and morality is stable in a certain period and within a certain range. "Mainstream morality" is a foundation of social order.

Traditional morality the whole world as one community's moral ideal, the moral principle of loyalty and forgiveness, the moral principle of a middle course. China's socialist concept of honor and disgrace is a brilliant summary of Marxist moral concept. The socialist concept of honor and disgrace takes "Eight Honors and Eight Disgraces" as its connotation, grasps its historical and epochal, national and cosmopolitan, ideological and practical characteristics, and embodies the content and standard of socialist ideological and moral construction in the new century. In different fields, there will be related lower morality, such as population morality, ecological morality, financial professional morality, and "hero" morality.

Connotation interpretation

The understanding of morality, different perspectives will produce different views. According to the Encyclopedia of ethics, morality is "the overall understanding and systematic view of social moral phenomena and moral relations. It is closely connected with people's world outlook and outlook on life and complements each other. In today's society, Marxist moral outlook is the highest achievement of the development of human moral thought, the sublimation of all kinds of progressive moral outlook in the history of human ideology and culture, and a scientific moral outlook in line with the interests of the broad masses of the people. " According to the dictionary of ethics, morality refers to "the understanding and viewpoint of morality". In social life, people always stand on the position of certain social status and specific interest relationship to observe and understand all kinds of social morality. Therefore, people of different societies and classes must have different moral values. " In the dictionary of world ethics and morality, it is "the general view, viewpoint and attitude towards morality". In other words, from the perspective of the proletariat, the origin of morality, the development of morality, and so on are the standards of life. These two completely different views, views and attitudes reflect two different moral values. " Although different academic circles have different views on morality, there is no doubt that they have something in common, that is, morality is people's systematic understanding and view of themselves, others and the relationship between the world. It belongs to the category of social ethics. In different fields, there will be related lower morality, such as population morality, ecological morality, financial professional morality, and "hero" morality.

State of the world

Chinese Morality

The moral concept in Chinese traditional philosophy mainly refers to the traditional morality with Confucianism as the orthodox. The whole world as one community is the moral ideal of the public, the moral principle of loyalty and forgiveness, the moral principle of a middle course. Up to now, the traditional Chinese culture of etiquette group is still shining. Confucianism requires people to act in accordance with the doctrine of the mean, that is, impartiality, mediocrity. So far, the moral standard of the golden mean is still the criterion of Chinese people's behavior. It is the moral ideal of Confucianism that the world is for the public, the people are selected and appointed, and each has his own place and power. Cultivating one's moral character, regulating one's family, ruling the country and balancing the world are the basic ways for Confucianism to carry out patriotism education and realize its political ideal of serving the public.

Confucianism pays attention to personality integrity, advocates the personality value of benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom, thinks that personality integrity is related to the rise and fall of the country and nation, regards benevolence, righteousness, morality, propriety and shame as more important than life, and requires people to be rich and noble, poor and humble, and powerful and unyielding. The interpersonal harmony thought of loyalty and forgiveness is the psychological and behavioral principle of interpersonal relationship in traditional morality. Benevolent people love others, and harmony is precious. The principle of loyalty and forgiveness has been respected by rulers and common people for thousands of years. The way of loyalty and forgiveness is to be kind to others. People should live in harmony with nature, and people should also live in harmony.

Confucian self-examination, self litigation, introspection and other moral cultivation methods require people to be strict with themselves and take precautions. The shaping and cultivation of Confucian ideal personality, in addition to the implementation of purposeful moral education, also encourages people to complete through self-conscious moral cultivation. Confucianists believe that "everything has its origin and end, and everything has its end". Everything should start from cultivating one's moral character. There are many ways of Confucian moral cultivation, and the main way of shaping and cultivating its ideal personality is "the way of inner sage and outer king".

"Neisheng" is to achieve the character of a sage through self-examination, self litigation, introspection and other cultivation methods. "Waiwang" is not only a kind of principle and political ideal, but also a kind of principle and life ideal. "Introspection" is what Confucius called "think of the wise when you see them" and "introspection when you see them". That is to say, those who see the virtuous should look up to them, and those who see the virtuous should reflect on themselves and not repeat the same mistakes. Litigation is to blame, and "self litigation" is to blame oneself, that is, self-criticism. "Introspection" is to ask inwardly to check whether there is something wrong with one's words and deeds. Zeng Zi said that "I examine myself three times a day", which means "introspection". Confucius emphasized "introspection", Mencius further emphasized the use of Kung Fu inward, and asked to give full play to their initiative in order to restore, maintain and expand their innate goodness. He believes that as long as people make unremitting efforts and sincere self-cultivation, they can produce a kind of "supreme and rigid" noble and upright spirit.

On the morality of self respect

"Treat others as you please" is a high generalization of "do not do to others what you do not want" in the Analects of Confucius, which highlights Confucius' moral concept of "benevolence", and is highly praised by later generations as a very pure and basic moral quality of the Chinese nation. In our time, this moral concept can be understood superficially as that everything should be considered from the perspective of others, thinking in other places, thinking "what I want is what he wants; what I don't want is what he doesn't want." It is the moral bottom line and code of conduct that we modern people must abide by.

A long time ago, our sages took "self-esteem" as their way of benevolence. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, a "Yu Liang" minister rode a horse that was very irascible. Someone suggested that he sell it to avoid hurting himself. But "Yu Liang" refused to sell the horse. He said: "if I sell it, someone will buy it, and that will hurt its new owner. Can we blame others because the horse is not safe for us?" Mencius, a thinker in the Warring States period, also advocated that we should treat others as well as ourselves. This kind of good moral character of respecting the old and loving the young has been passed on until now!

However, nowadays, many people are lack of the basic moral concept of "self-esteem", such as gutter oil, Sudan red, melamine, clenbuterol, plasticizer and so on. It is precisely because these producers did not reflect on the behavior of harming others and themselves by "doing what they don't want to do to others", and finally "suffered from the consequences" because they could not keep the moral bottom line.

However, it is not enough for us to practice the attitude of "do not do to others what we don't want to do". First of all, we should constantly improve our own quality and self-cultivation. Only when we become a person of high moral character, can we reach the highest moral realm of "self-esteem" and avoid the dilemma of "good intentions become bad things" because of our bad hobbies and desires. As Mencius said: "take people for good, and others for good." "If you know this, you will know a large amount, but if you don't know this, you will know a small amount." Only when we stand "right" and do "right", can "pushing ourselves to others" become the basis of all our social morality, and become the moral code universally observed by all mankind, and our society will be harmonious and beautiful! (yuan Xiaochong)

American morality

Chinese PinYin : Dao De Guan