Peking University

Peking University is the first national comprehensive university in modern China. It is recognized as the highest University in China and one of the most important universities in Asia and the world.

In the modern history of China, Peking University is the birthplace of China's "New Culture Movement" and "May 4th Movement", and also the earliest dissemination place of various political thoughts and social ideals in China. It is known as "China's political barometer" and enjoys a high reputation and important position.

The campus is adjacent to Yuanmingyuan in the north and the summer palace in the West. Peking University has made full use of this rare historical heritage and built a picturesque campus environment, which not only has the grand bearing of the Royal Garden, but also has the beautiful characteristics of the Jiangnan landscape. This is the most beautiful picture in Yanyuan.

essential information

Peking University History Garden

The late Qing Dynasty

Beijing University (1898-1912)

In June 1898, Emperor Guangxu promulgated the Ming Dynasty imperial edict to carry out the reform movement of 1898. The edict emphasized that "the Capital University is the initiative of all provinces, especially should be held first". On July 3, Emperor Guangxu approved the draft of the constitution of Beijing University drafted by Liang Qichao, and officially founded the University. Sun Jianai, the Secretary of the Ministry of official affairs and the assistant bachelor, was appointed as the first minister of management of the University. Xu Jingcheng was appointed as the chief teacher of the middle school. Ding Weiliang, an American missionary, was appointed as the chief teacher of Western learning. On September 21, Empress Dowager Cixi and the Conservatives launched the 1898 coup, and the hundred day reform failed. However, the Capital University was preserved. Jingshi University was the highest institution of higher learning and the highest administrative organ of education in China at that time. Some scholars believe that it was the first new university formally established in modern China. The establishment of Beijing University is of epoch-making significance in modern Chinese history and marks the beginning of modern Chinese higher education.

In 1900, the Boxer Movement broke out and the Capital University was destroyed. On August 3, the Qing government ordered the closure of the Capital University. After the Allied forces of the eight powers entered Beijing, the Capital University was destroyed.

In December 1902, the Qing government appointed Zhang Baixi, the Minister of the Ministry of officials, as the minister in charge of the management of the school. The school was restored. Wu Rulun and Gu Hongming were appointed as the chief and deputy general teachers, while Yan Fu and Lin Shu were appointed as the chief and deputy general managers respectively. Founded in 1862 during the Westernization Movement, the capital Tongwen school was incorporated into the University. On December 17, the opening ceremony of Beijing University was held. According to the educational system, graduates of different degrees are awarded the titles of Gongsheng, Juren and Jinshi respectively.

In 1903, Jinshi hall, translatology hall and medical industry hall were added.

In 1904, the minister in charge of the school of Beijing Normal University was changed to the Minister of academic affairs of the prime minister, who was in charge of the academic affairs of the whole country. In addition, the general supervisor of the school of Beijing Normal University was set up to take charge of the affairs of the School of Beijing Normal University. As a result, the function of Beijing University to govern the national education was separated and became a pure University. In the same year, Jinshi hall opened and enrolled more than 80 Jinshi of guimao (1903) and more than 30 Jinshi of Jiachen (1904) in the last two imperial examinations in Chinese history. And selected the first batch of 47 students to study abroad, which is the first time for Chinese universities to send overseas students.

In 1905, when the Guozijian was closed, a group of students who had not graduated directly entered the Capital University.

In 1910, the Capital University opened a branch University, with seven subjects including economics, liberal arts, law and politics, business, Gezhi (Science), engineering and agriculture. There were 13 subjects, including the book of songs, Zhouli and Chunqiu Zuozhuan of the classics, Chinese literature and Chinese history of the liberal arts, politics and law of the law and politics, bank insurance of the business, geology and chemistry of the Gezhi, and civil engineering of the engineering The first comprehensive university in modern China began to take shape.

 

the Republic of China era

National Peking University -- the early years of the Republic of China (1912-1916)

In May 1912, the Capital University was renamed Peking University, which immediately became the first National University in Chinese history. Yan Fu became the first president of Peking University.

In 1914, Hu Renyuan was president of Peking University. At that time, Huang Kan, Gu Hongming, Qian Xuantong, Ma Xulun, Tao Menghe, Feng Zuxun, he Yujie, Yu tongkui and other famous teachers were teaching in Peking University.

National Peking University: before and after the May 4th Movement (1916-1927)

In December 1916, Cai Yuanpei became president of Peking University. From 1916 to 1927, Cai Yuanpei's ten years as president of Peking University were regarded as a glorious period in the history of Peking University, which established the tradition and spirit of Peking University.

On January 9, 1917, when Peking University opened, Cai Yuanpei delivered a speech at the opening ceremony. He put forward three requirements to the students: "uphold the purpose", "forge virtue" and "respect and love teachers and friends".

1. The management system of professors' Administration

Cai Yuanpei advocated that "those who study advanced knowledge are also those who study advanced knowledge" and "follow the principle of freedom of thought and take the meaning of inclusiveness", and carried out a series of reforms in Peking University. He dismissed a group of incompetent Chinese and foreign teachers, hired Chen Duxiu and Xia yuanfen to be the chief of liberal arts and science respectively, and hired Hu Shi, Li Dazhao, Lu Xun, Liu Bannong, Liang Shuming, Li Siguang, Wang Xinggong, Yan Renguang, Zhong guanjing, Ren Hongjun, Li Shuhua, Ding Xilin, Ma Yinchu, Tao Menghe, Chen Qixiu, Wang Shijie and other teachers. During this period, Huang Jie, Wu Mei, Liu Wendian, Chen Yuan, Ma yuzao, Shen Jianshi, Zhu Xizu, Ma Heng, Kang Xinfu and other well-known scholars taught in Peking University. For Gu Hongming, Liu Shipei, Huang Kan and others with academic attainments and political conservatism, Cai Yuanpei also used his strong points. Cai Yuanpei carried out the system of Professor management and democratic management in Peking University. He set up the Council as the highest authority and legislature of the school, and the members of the Council were elected by the professors. Later, it set up a professor's Association in various departments. Subsequently, Peking University set up the Executive Council, academic conference and general affairs office. By September 1920, the management system of Peking University was basically mature. Cai Yuanpei advocated the independence of education. He believed that bureaucrats and politicians should not interfere in education. "I can never be the president of a university that is not free any more." he resigned several times as president of Peking University.

2. Teaching reform

Cai Yuanpei tried to make Peking University a comprehensive university focusing on arts and science, merging business into law and engineering into Beiyang University.

In 1917, Cai Yuanpei established the Institute of Arts, science and law in Peking University to train postgraduates. This is the earliest research institute in Chinese universities.

In 1918, he founded Peking University monthly, the earliest university journal in China. Cai Yuanpei actively carried out academic exchanges and invited Dewey, Russell, ban Lewei, Planck and other famous scholars to give lectures at Peking University.

In 1919, Cai Yuanpei abolished the subjects of Arts, science and law, and changed the subject into a department with 14 departments. Cai Yuanpei abolished the grade system and implemented the elective system in order to develop students' personality and communicate arts and science.

In 1920, Peking University allowed three female students to sit in on the liberal arts. In the autumn of the same year, it began to recruit female students, which was the first time that China's public universities were coeducated.

3. The origin of the May 4th Movement

May 4th Movement broke out on May 4th, 1919. Students from Peking University and other schools in Beijing gathered in front of Tiananmen Square. Luo Jialun, Jiang Shaoyuan and Zhang tingji were the three representatives of the student movement, and then held demonstrations. Fu Sinian, a student of Peking University, was the commander in chief of the parade. The rally read out the Beijing student community declaration drafted by Xu Deheng, a student of Peking University, and distributed the Beijing academic community declaration drafted by Luo Jialun, a student of Peking University. The students in the parade burned Zhao's house and beat Zhang Zongxiang. The military and police arrested the students on the spot. Cai Yuanpei, Li Dazhao, Chen Duxiu, Zhu Jiahua, Hu Shi and Lu Xun did not hesitate to launch a strike in the industrial and commercial circles in order to rescue the students. The patriotic movement of students in Beijing has been sympathized and supported by young students and the masses all over the country. The fire of the patriotic movement of students quickly spread all over the country and developed into a national anti imperialist patriotic movement. The Beiyang government was forced to dismiss Cao Rulin, Lu Zongyu and Zhang Zongxiang, and refused to sign the Paris peace treaty. The student movement won. After the May 4th movement, Li Dazhao, a professor of Peking University, took the lead in systematically accepting, disseminating and practicing Marxism in China, and Peking University became the center of studying and disseminating Marxism in China. In August 1920, Chen Duxiu founded the Shanghai Communist Party group. In October 1920, Li Dazhao founded the Beijing Communist Party group. Before the first National Congress of the Communist Party of China, 21 of China's 53 CPC members were teachers, students and alumni of Peking University.

National Peking University -- 1930s (1927-1937)

From 1927 to 1929, Peking University was in turmoil and was devastated. After seizing the power of Beijing, the Fengxi warlord announced the abolition of Peking University in 1927 and merged with eight other national universities in Beijing to form the Capital University. In 1928, the Nanjing national government first changed it into Zhonghua University, then Beiping University, and then Peking University College of national Beiping University. one thousand nine hundred and twenty-nine

Chinese PinYin : Bei Jing Da Xue