tram

The history of Dalian tram began in 1909. As the only city in mainland China with uninterrupted tram history, Dalian not only retained some trams produced in the 1930s, but also developed and produced modern trams from the 1990s to the early 21st century.

In 1899, Dalian was established as a port. On September 25, 1909, the first tram line in Dalian was opened. It has been 100 years since the first tram drove slowly along the streets of Dalian. In the past 100 years, Dalian citizens have always cherished trams. As a common travel tool, trams have been successfully preserved to today. Part of the 201 road vehicles are the same style as before liberation. The pure wood interior has a sense of the times.

tram

This entry is compiled and applied by "popular science China" Science Encyclopedia

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Trams (tram, streetcar, tramcar) are light rail transit vehicles driven by electricity and running on the track. Tramcar is a kind of public transport, also known as road tramcar, referred to as tramcar, is a kind of light rail, the train generally does not exceed five, but because of driving in the street, it takes up road space. In addition, some cable cars running on the urban rail can also be regarded as a kind of streetcar. Tramcar is driven by electricity, and the vehicle will not emit exhaust gas, so it is a kind of pollution-free environmental protection transportation tool.

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Historical evolution

In 1879, Werner von Siemens, a German engineer, first tried to use electricity to drive rail vehicles at the Berlin Expo. Since then, St. Petersburg in Russia and Toronto in Canada have made commercial attempts to open trams.

In 1881, Werner von Siemens, a German engineer, laid the first tramway on the outskirts of Berlin. One of the Tramways was electrified and the other was used as the circuit. But this kind of line is too dangerous for the traffic on the street, so Siemens adopted the way of erecting the transmission line to solve the problems of power supply and safety.

In 1884, C. J. Vanderberg, an American, tried trams to carry passengers at the Toronto agricultural exhibition. His trial tram uses a collector pole with contact wheel and an overhead contact line to transmit electricity, and the rail is used as another circuit of power supply. In 1888, in Richmond, the American spollag used the above method to switch to electric tractor on several horse drawn rail car routes, and the collector device of the vehicle was tested,

The control system, motor suspension method and driving mode have been improved, resulting in the emergence of modern tram.

Budapest, Hungary, founded the first electric tram system in 1887, and Richmond, Virginia, opened the tram system in 1888.

1890-1920 was a period of great development of trams in the world. Before the first World War, almost every big city in the world had trams. Although the track of this tram is fixed and can not give way, causing a lot of inconvenience in the streets with heavy traffic. Paris, London and New York soon abandoned this kind of tram, but many cities on the European continent still retain this kind of tram.

Streetcars were popular in some cities in Europe, America, Oceania and Asia in the early 20th century. With the popularity of private cars, buses and other road traffic since the 1950s, many road tram systems were dismantled in the mid-20th century. The streetcar network has almost completely disappeared in North America, France, Britain, Spain and other places. However, in Switzerland, Germany, Poland, Austria, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Japan and Eastern Europe, the streetcar network is still well maintained or modernized.

Since the late 1970s, some local governments without streetcars have started to build new streetcar lines after research. Many cities that still have streetcars on the road have added lines or modernized their original systems.

Since the 1970s, the problems caused by the automobile led transportation mode have become more and more serious. Energy crisis, environmental pollution, land shortage, traffic congestion and other problems force the European developed countries to take the large capacity rail transit as the focus of the development of urban public transport. As small and medium-sized cities can not afford the huge investment of subway, modern tram emerges as the times require in small and medium-sized cities in Europe. Since the application of modern tram, it has been affirmed by the public and the government for its convenience, comfort and aesthetics. From 1978 to 2005, dozens of European cities developed modern trams.

Modern tram has the characteristics of reliable operation, comfort, energy saving and environmental protection, and its technical characteristics are basically the same as light rail. Nowadays, many places have begun to rebuild or add modern tram lines in cities, such as Strasbourg, Switzerland, Geneva, Barcelona, and Dalian, Tianjin, Shanghai, etc. As an advanced public transportation mode emerging in the city, modern tram has completed the transformation from traditional to modern, and has been widely promoted in the world, which is also full of bright prospects.

According to the statistics of the European Transport Industry Association, 125 cities opened trams in 2005, but 137 cities opened trams in 2010, and the vehicles need to grow at an annual rate of 5%. However, according to the prediction and analysis, the main growth points of the future trams market are in Asia and North America. According to the performance of the two types of modern trams in the market, the steel wheel and steel wheel are the best Due to its earlier launch and more stable performance, the modern tram occupies the main market. The development of the two types of trams is relatively fast.

From 2012 to 2020, China's modern tram planning has exceeded 2500 km, the total project investment is expected to reach 300 billion yuan, the vehicle market scale will reach 60 billion yuan, and the average annual demand will be 7.5 billion yuan.

The diversified forms of modern trams, such as the realization of operation concepts such as metrotram, tramtrain and cargo ram, the practice of power supply for the third rail, and so on; The birth of monorail guided rubber tire track tram, the progress of low floor vehicle production technology, signal and control technology, and so on. Modern trams often become the backbone of the city traffic mode, almost all of the lines through the city center. For example, the tram network in Gothenburg is obviously radial, and the lines radiate from the city center to the suburbs.

Modern tram has become the backbone mode of public transport in small and medium-sized cities. According to their different economic strength and the development history of trams, European cities have adopted different ways to update and build trams. The main ways are as follows:

(1) Reconstruct the original tram line or abandoned railway.

(2) New tram lines.

(3) Trams and Trunk Railways share the same track.

Throughout the modern tram system in Europe, most cities adopt the combination of old line reconstruction and new line construction. On the one hand, it can make full use of the existing resources and reduce the construction cost; on the other hand, it can set up new lines in appropriate areas to improve the service level of the line or the whole network. At the same time, the compatibility between modern tram and other rail transit (including trunk railway and urban subway) should be considered when planning the line, so as to lay the foundation for flexible operation in the future. An important difference between modern trams and old trams is that a large number of independent right of way are adopted.

Generally, the independent right of way section of new lines accounts for more than 50%, thus ensuring the travel speed of modern trams at a high level. There are many forms of independent right of way

(1) The original suburban railway or industrial railway reconstruction line retains ballasted track, so the line is completely isolated from other modes of transportation.

(2) The lawn green belt is used as the exclusive right of way of the isolation.

(3) The curbs are laid on both sides of the track with appropriate height, which usually plays a role of providing independent right of way; when the motor vehicles are seriously blocked or other accidents occur, the motor vehicles can drive past the curbs and run on the tram line. Another characteristic of modern trams is that they are very "friendly" to pedestrians.

Modern steel wheel and rail 100% low floor trams with energy saving, environmental protection, small investment, moderate passenger capacity, good riding comfort, less maintenance costs, after more than 20 years of development in foreign countries, have more than 150 cities mature application performance. Modern trams have made great progress in solving urban core area transfer, suburban connection, scenic spot tourism and other aspects Modern tram represents the future development direction. The main manufacturers of steel wheel and rail modern trams in the world are Bombardier, Alstom, Siemens, Cafu, Ansaldo, etc.; the main manufacturer of rubber wheel and rail modern trams is Raul.

Modern tram and other motor vehicles

Chinese PinYin : You Gui Dian Che