Poetry stele

Shi Gu Wen

synonym

The stele of poetry generally refers to the stone drum inscription

Shiguwen is a kind of stone inscriptions in the pre Qin period, which is named for its drum like shape. Found in the early Tang Dynasty, a total of 10 pieces, about three feet high, about two feet in diameter, each engraved with a big seal four character poem

There are ten pieces in total, 718 words. The content was first considered as a description of the hunting scenes of the king of Qin, so it is also called "hunting tablet". After Zheng Qiao's Shi Gu Yin Xu in Song Dynasty, "Shi Gu Qin Wu Lun" became popular. At the end of Qing Dynasty, Zhen Jun took Shi Gu as the object of Qin Wen Gong, Ma Heng as the object of Qin Mu Gong, Guo Moruo as the object of Qin Xiang Gong, and Liu Xing and Liu Mu confirmed that Shi Gu was the work of Qin Shihuang. The inscriptions on stone drums are incomplete. Ouyang Xiu of the Northern Song dynasty recorded 465 characters. The Ming Dynasty fan's Tianyi Pavilion only had 462 characters. Today's "Majian" drum has no existence. The original stone is now in the stone drum Hall of the Palace Museum.

origin

Shiguwen is the most ancient stone inscriptions in China. It is also called "Liejie" because it records the hunting of the Qin emperor.

The font is between the ancient Chinese characters and the seal characters of Qin Dynasty, which is generally called "Da Zhuan". Whether the stone drum was carved before or after Qin Dynasty is uncertain in archaeology. Guo Moruo identified it as the works of Xianggong of Qin Dynasty (777-766 BC). Liu Xing and Liu Mu's Shi Gu Shi Wen restoration translation and interpretation

It is believed that the stone drum inscriptions were produced in the 28th year of the first emperor (219 BC) and in the period of 30 days after the order of burning books in the 34th year of the first emperor (213 BC)

. Wu Changshuo, a modern calligrapher, has profound attainments in writing stone drums. He has a popular printed version, which can be used for reference in his study. ----Appreciation of ancient steles by Fei shengqian

On January 1, 2013, national human history magazine launched "Qin Shi Gu Wen", which is the treasure of nine towns in China

.

Brief introduction of the past dynasties

On Zhu Zhou

"Zhuzhou theory" began in the early Tang Dynasty, including the Western Zhou Dynasty King Wen theory, Chengwang theory, xuanwang theory and other different views.

1. The King Wen of the Western Zhou Dynasty said that Ouyang Xiu's Ji Gu Lu Ba Wei of the Northern Song Dynasty: "Wei Yingwu thought that the drum of the King Wen of the Zhou Dynasty was carved by the king Xuan", Ge cube's Yunyu Yang Qiu quoted Wei Yingwu's Shi Gu Ge: "Zhou Wen hunted Qi's Yang", and so on. He thought that the stone drum was a relic of the King Wen of the Western Zhou Dynasty. However, the original sentence of Wei's poetry is "Zhou Xuan hunts the Yang of Qi", so the appearance of "Wen Wang theory" should be related to the above two people's Misquoting "Zhou Xuan" in Wei's poetry as "Zhou Wen". Although the argument basis of "Wen Wang theory" is not enough, there is still a certain market. There is still such a view that "there is no doubt about Wen Cheng Xuan" in Zhu guozuo's Shi Gu Ge in Ming Dynasty.

2. Cheng Wang of the Western Zhou Dynasty said that those who hold this theory are Dong Fu's Guangchuan Shuba, Cheng Dachang's Yonglu and Shen Wu's Shiguwen dingben. It is mainly because of the records in Zuo Zhuan · the fourth year of Zhao Gong: "Jiao Juyan said in Chu Zi that" Cheng Youqi Yang's search "and Du Yuzhu said:" Cheng Wang returned to his death, and Da Shou was in Qishan's Yang ". Moreover, the stone drum was unearthed in Chencang, and there were poems related to hunting. Therefore, we thought that the hunting recorded in the stone drum was consistent with that recorded in Cheng Wang's Da Shou.

3. Xuanwang of the Western Zhou Dynasty said that this theory came into being in the early Tang Dynasty. Su Xu, the calligrapher of Zhenguan, put forward in the first volume of Jiyu: "the handwriting of shixianyan is the most ancient, and the handwriting of Shizhen is near Guanzhong.". Li Sizhen agreed with it in the book houpin. Later, after Zhang huaifan's reasoning in shuduan, he came to the conclusion that "Shiguwen" is "a satire on xuanwang's works". Because Zhen Wen was burned up in the first emperor's time, there were few such characters left after Qin and Han Dynasties. In addition, many stone drum characters were not included in later generations' calligraphy, so there was no evidence to identify them. Therefore, "Shi Zhen theory" became the final conclusion. Because it is difficult to explain Wei Yingwu's poems with satire, he changed Zhang huaifan's satire on xuanwang's hunting to "Dashi's stone carving to show his skill". Another argument of "xuanwang theory" is based on the poetry of Shigu, such as chegong and Jiri, which are the hunting poems praising xuanwang. Therefore, shigu poetry should also come from this time. This view echoed the "Shi Zhen theory" and created a huge momentum. The "xuanwang theory" had a wide influence, which was accepted by scholars in Tang and Song Dynasties, and later by Emperor Kangxi and Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty. Until the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, with the "zhuqin theory" gradually gaining the upper hand, the "xuanwang theory" gradually faded out, but there is still no end, so far there are still some supporters.

On Zhu Qin

There are about a dozen different opinions and opinions on the theory of "governing the Qin Dynasty", mainly including Qin Xianggong, Qin Wengong, Qin Degong, Qin Mugong, Qin Xiangong, Qin Huiwen, etc.

1. Qin Xianggong said that Yang Shen and Quan Zuwang were the masters. In 1955, Guo Moruo further demonstrated the "Xianggong theory" in the study of Shiguwen, and put forward the view of shigujian theory. According to the records of Yuanhe county annals, it is believed that the excavation of Sanhe yuan in shigu must be related to the establishment of one of Sanhe; and according to the poems related to Sanshui, such as "Tianzi" and "Siwang", such as "Tianzi" and "Siwang" In line with the historical facts of Xianggong's escorting King Ping to move eastward and Jianhe in the eighth year of Xianggong's reign, the stone drum should be a relic of Xianggong's reign. After that, Zhang Guangyuan further believes that the stone drum was born in the tenth year of Xianggong, and the author of poetry is taishiyou.

2. Qin Wengong said that the contents of Shi Gu Wen Ji Zhu and Tian Jian I Wen in Zhenjun's Shi Gu Wen Ji Zhu and Tian Jian I Wen at the end of Qing Dynasty were similar to that recorded in historical records Qin Benji: "in the third year of Wen Gong, seven hundred soldiers went hunting in the East.". In the fourth year of the Qing Dynasty, he put forward this theory in accordance with the historical facts such as "Zhihui". He thinks: "in the study of historical records of Qin Dynasty, in the third year of the reign of Wengong, 700 soldiers were sent to hunt in the East, and in the fourth year, he arrived at the meeting of Weihe. This is what he said. It is also said that in the former Zhou Dynasty, I won here in the pre Qin period, and later I won the title of marquis, which is the place of Buju. Zhan said that Ji was the place of Yingyi, which is the place of Yingyi. It is said that "my way is flat, and good trees are in the place of Yingyi". It is also the day that the "Japanese only bid for the third". The first drum (my car) all said hunting, so there is evidence for 700 people to hunt in the East. What's more, in a drum, the emperor and the Duke are mixed. Is there any reason why King Xuan's Liejie called the emperor and the Duke again? Then the emperor, the king of Zhou, and the Duke, the writer of Qin. Luo Zhenyu, Ma Xulun, Xu Zhuangshu, song Hongwen, Yang Shouqi, Yin Boling and Li Tiehua all support this theory, but their arguments are not exactly the same, the specific time of stone drum production is not the same, and the reasons for carving are also different.

3. Duke De of Qin said that in Wang Guowei's guantangjilin Bieji and other writings, it is believed that the inscription on stone drum and the inscription on jizibaipan of Qin Gongzhen and Guo are closely related to each other in form and blood. He analyzed the characters of the stone drum from the angle of characters and fonts, and thought that the stone drum should be made after the Duke of Germany moved to Yong. Duan Yang thinks that the content of zuoyuan drum is related to Duke De's moving the capital to Yong and rectifying Sanyuan, and that the "son of heaven" and "King Si" in Shi drum should refer to King Hui of Zhou. Dai Junren supported the theory of "De Gong" in his articles such as the time of re discussing the stone drum, believing that the stone drum was carved at the beginning of Yongcheng.

4. The proponents of the Xuangong theory of Qin include Li zhongcao's "the original location of the stone drum and its carving time", Hu Jianren's "a study of the stone drum and the stone drum text -- Also on Guo Moruo's theory of the eighth year of Xianggong". Li zhongcao thinks that "if Mi Wan was written in the fourth year of Xuangong of Qin Dynasty (672 BC), the stone drum should be engraved in this year". In Er Shi, the "son of heaven" should refer to King Hui of Zhou, and the "king of Hei" should refer to Prince decadence. It is argued that the location of the stone drum is the same as that of Xuangong's work in Miyan, and that the time of Emperor Zhou's pacifying civil strife recorded in the "stone drum inscription" is the same as that of Xuangong's four years. Zhang Qicheng supplemented Li zhongcao's "Xuangong theory" in his "on the year of Shiguwen and its comparison with the book of songs". Hu Jianren also believed that the stone drum was carved by Chen Cang, Duke Xuangong of Qin Dynasty, when he was working as a tomb.

5. Mu Gong of Qin said that Ma Heng, the former president of the Palace Museum, advocated that the stone drum was carved when Mu Gong dominated Xirong and Emperor Zhaogong of Zhou congratulated him. This paper enumerates the contrast between the Qin twelve utensil characters and the stone drum characters, and further proves that the stone drum characters are Qin characters on the basis of Zheng Qiao by taking the usage of the character "Shu" as an example. The new study of shiguwenyi, written by chizuka of Japan, has been said ever since.

6. The proponents of Qin Jinggong's theory include Wang Hui's Shi Gu Wen · Wu Ren Ji Shi Shi and re discussing the age of Shi Gu Wen, Xu GUI's Shi Gu Wen Shi Kao Bian, etc. Based on the archaeological findings of Qin Gong's tomb in Fengxiang, Wang Hui believed that the style of stone drum inscriptions was very similar to that of stone chime inscriptions in Qin Gong's tomb, and they should be made in the same period. He believed that stone drum inscriptions could be produced in Jinggong's time, but it was very unlikely in LiZong's time. Based on the shape of "Shiguwen" and its relationship with the book of songs, and the historical facts, Xu Baogui thinks that "Shiguwen's Poems" were written by Xianggong. The content describes "a large-scale hunting activity of Xianggong of Qin Dynasty", while the characters are written and engraved by Jinggong of Qin Dynasty. Shigu's "absolute age should be in the middle and late spring and Autumn Period - Jinggong of Qin Dynasty".

7. Duke AI of Qin said that Yiyue stone in Hong Kong thought that "the new proof is based on the stone drum" in his "calligraphy and Research on stone drum"

Chinese PinYin : Shi Ci Bei