Loushan Pass

Loushanguan is an indispensable stop for red tourism in Zunyi. Loushanguan, also known as Louguan and taipingguan, is the main peak of Dalou mountains, located at the junction of Zunyi and Tongzi counties. Loushan Pass is very dangerous because of its steep cliffs and steep peaks. Therefore, there is a saying that "one man is the pass and ten thousand men are not allowed to open it.". Because the geographical location is extremely important, it is far away from Bashu in the north and Guizhou and Guangxi in the south. It is the throat of Northern Guizhou and has been a must for military strategists since ancient times.

In February 1935, the first front army of the Chinese workers' and peasants' Red Army crossed Chishui for the second time, returned to the north of Guizhou, annihilated the four regiments of the Guizhou army, captured Loushanguan, opened the prelude to the great victory of Zunyi, won the first great victory since the Long March, and showed the dawn of the Zunyi Conference. Since then, Loushanguan, where the red army fought, has become a famous revolutionary memorial in northern Guizhou.

Loushan Pass

Loushan Pass is also known as Taiping pass, formerly known as Louguan, later known as Taiping pass. Located at the junction of Huichuan district and Tongzi County, it is an important gateway of Sichuan Guizhou transportation. The origin of Guan's name comes from the ancient appellation of Loushan mountains. It is the main peak of Dalou mountains, 1576 meters above sea level, 50 kilometers from Zunyi City in the south. At the junction of Huichuan district and Tongzi County, it rejects Bashu in the north, and strangles Guizhou and Guangxi in the south. In ancient times, it was called natural danger. Close thousands of peaks, heavy mountains, cliffs stand, if the axe like halberd, straight into the sky, Sichuan Guizhou highway circling. According to the chronicles of Ming history, during the Wanli period, Liu Yinglong, the commander in chief, and Yang Yinglong, the chieftain of Bozhou, fought fiercely here. Known as the most dangerous in northern Guizhou, it is known as the saying that "one man is in charge of the pass and ten thousand men are not allowed to open".

During the Xianfeng and Tongzhi years of the Qing Dynasty, the peasant uprisings in northern Guizhou occupied this pass with all their strength. From February 25 to 26, 1935, before the battle between the first front army of the Chinese workers' and peasants' Red Army and the Guizhou army in Loushanguan, after repeated struggle, the two regiments of the Guizhou army were annihilated. It opened the prelude of Zunyi campaign. The two Loushanguan campaigns ensured the smooth holding of the Zunyi Conference and were an important "red" base in China. 40 kilometers to the south is the famous Zunyi Dong distillery. As the first fortress in northern Guizhou, Loushanguan has beautiful scenery and unique cliffs, which is a popular place for many tourists.

Mao Zedong wrote a poem "in memory of qin'e · Loushanguan", describing the heroic scene of the Red Army officers and soldiers fighting bravely. Now it is engraved on the marble stele of 14m high and 25m wide in the style of cursive script, which increases the sound and color of Xiongguan.

origin

Loushanguan was formerly known as Gaoyanzi, also known as heishenya. The name of Guan can be traced back to the fact that Loushan was called "Bulang mountain" in Hanshu · geography annals written by Ban Gu, a historian of the Eastern Han Dynasty. According to Zheng Zhen, a famous scholar in Zunyi in the late Qing Dynasty, "Bulang mountain" is also called Dalou mountain. According to Tongzi County annals, in the third year of Qianfu (876 A.D.), Yang Duan of Taiyuan led Linghu, Cheng, Lou, Liang, Zhao and Wei villagers to recover Bozhou, drive out Nanzhao forces and divide the local inheritance. His son Lou Shan and his cousin Liang Guan, the son of another General Liang Zongli, fought together in Gaoyanzi, which was called Loushan Liangguan at that time and Loushan Pass for a long time. In the Ming Dynasty, Yang Yinglong (the 29th generation grandson of Yang Duan) rebelled against the Ming Dynasty and was pacified by the imperial court. He changed Loushan Pass to "Taiping pass", but people still used to call it Loushan Pass

According to the genealogy of Lou and Liang, Liang Zongli, the eighth grandson of Tianzu in the third year of Qianfu reign of emperor Xizong of the Tang Dynasty, and his uncle Lou Dianbang were both Deputy generals. They were ordered to follow the great general Yang duanpingman and garrison heishenya in gaoyanshan of zuntong. Later, Lou Shan, the son of Dianbang, and Liang Guan, the son of Zongli, inherited his father's estate and garrison heishenya. Later, Lou Shan and Liang Guan were ordered to go south and set up business in Anshun. The people in heishenya miss the feelings of fish and water with the troops stationed in Loushan and Liangguan. They gradually renamed heishenya as "Loushan Pass" and later called it "Loushan Pass".

In 1932, Huang Pimo (Huang Daobin), then director of the Department of civil affairs of Guizhou Province, inscribed "Loushanguan" with three big characters in cursive script and carved a monument at the junction of Zunyi and Tongzi counties along the Sichuan Guizhou highway.

In 1985, in order to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Zunyi Conference, Zunyi county government made a large-scale Moyan stone carving "Loushanguan" on the stone rock in the north and east of Loushanguan. "Loushanguan" was written by Shu Tong, a famous calligrapher in China. With a total length of 11 meters and a diameter of 2.3 meters, Moyan has a powerful and powerful brush. It is engraved with red ink, which is especially eye-catching among the pines in Xiongguan.

history

Since the Tang, song, yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, there have been frequent wars and wars. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, Yang Yinglong, the chieftain of Bozhou, built a camp in hailongdun to compete with the Ming Dynasty. He also built 13 wooden gates in Loushanguan to make the Miao army guard.

In February of the 21st year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1593 A.D.), the Ming court sent officers and soldiers, Dusi Wang Zhihan, to lead the troops to fight against the enemy. They were defeated by Yang Yinglong's army and stained Loushan Pass with blood. In the spring of the second year (1594), Sichuan sent General Guo Cheng and General Liu Chengsi to fight against Yang Yinglong. He was defeated by baishikou to the south of Loushan Pass. The whole army was destroyed and Yiguo Cheng was spared. After that, Yang Yinglong gathered ten thousand troops to attack Sichuan and washed Qijiang with blood.

In the spring and March of the 27th year of Wanli (1599), the Ming Dynasty took Li Hualong, governor of Sichuan, Hubei and Guizhou provinces, to enlist Yang Yinglong, and mobilized 240000 troops to attack Bozhou in eight ways. Shu General Liu Yi sent troops from Qijiang to conquer Hongguan, jiupan, jiechenxi, shihuguan and Loushan. Yang Yinglong sent his son Yang Chaodong to set up 13 barriers and dig deep pits at Loushan Pass to guard against danger. Liu Kan looked up at Loushan Pass and sighed. When you close the Xiao Sheng and drum music, you are safe. In May of the next year, Liu Jiandao climbed the rattan and rock, attacked Loushan Pass secretly, won the natural danger, and laid the foundation for the battle of Pingbo.

In September 1621, the first year of Tianqi reign of emperor Xizong of Ming Dynasty, Sheyin Zhou, the chieftain of Yongning, fought against the Ming Dynasty and fell into Chongqing. He helped Guozhen, broke Tongzi, seized Loushanguan and occupied Zunyi.

In 1647, the "Great Western army" led by Li Dingguo and sun Wangwang in the peasant uprising attacked Loushan Pass through Qijiang River, defeated the Qing troops guarding the pass and swept the southwest.

In August of the fourth year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty (1854), Yang Longxi led the peasant uprising army in jiuba to capture Tongzi, occupy Loushan Pass and directly attack Zunyi. Zheng Zhen, a famous poet at that time, wrote: "Yang Qi, Loushan Pass, drink horse and Banqiao water." Describe the momentum of the rebels in Loushan Pass.

In the ninth year of Xianfeng (1859), the army captured Loushanguan and seized Dingshan city. In the first year of tongzhi (1862), Zeng Guangyi, who belonged to shidakai, the wing of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, moved from Sichuan to Guizhou in order to support the peasant uprising of all ethnic groups in Guizhou. He conquered Loushanguan and the southwest yellow army. The White army fought together and was invincible.

battle

first phase

In early January 1935, the Central Red Army broke through the natural danger of Wujiang River in three ways from south to north. On January 6, the vanguard of the Red Army entered Zunyi City. In order to establish the defense in northern Guizhou and ensure the establishment of a "new Sichuan Guizhou border base" with Zunyi as the center, the Central Military Commission decided to send the fourth regiment of the second division of the first Red Army Corps to pursue and annihilate the northern Qianjun Marquis, conquer Loushan Pass and occupy Tongzi County. On order, Liu Bocheng, chief of the general staff of the Red Army, and Nie Rongzhen, political commissar of the first regiment, immediately deployed combat tasks at the fourth regiment of the north gate of Zunyi City. Geng Biao, head of the fourth regiment, and Yang Cheng, political commissar, led the troops northward. The troops arrived at Banqiao and destroyed one of the enemy's outposts. At the same time, he reconnoitered the enemy's situation in Loushanguan, and decided to attack Loushanguan by force all the way and plagiarize all the way around Guandong trail. On January 9, the fourth regiment started from Banqiao. Li Guangshun, the commander of the first battalion, led the first battalion to take up the main attack, and pushed forward along the highway in the form of echelons. The second battalion assembled at the foot of the mountain for the second echelon. Pan Feng, the leader of the reconnaissance team, led the reconnaissance team and the engineering company to advance from the path on the east side of the pass to the back side of the enemy, aiming to cut off the road behind the enemy and harass Tongzi County. The two regiments of Lin Xiusheng, the third brigade of the Qian army, who had retreated from the Wujiang defense line, were the enemies guarding Loushan Pass.

Before the Red Army had tackled the key problems, the enemy immediately asked the army headquarters for reinforcements by telephone. The enemy headquarters ordered the defending enemy to "not retreat one step" by telephone, and ordered them to watch out for the eastern path of the pass to prevent the Red Army from attacking Tongzi from behind. When it was raining, the soldiers of the Red Army's communication class set up wires on the enemy's telephone lines and eavesdropped on the enemy's calls, knowing that the east side of the enemy was empty. Commander Geng Biao ordered the front troops to postpone the attack and ordered the reconnaissance team and engineering company on the east side of the pass to quickly cut off the enemy's retreat. The communication class also overheard the phone call of the enemy's army headquarters ordering the garrison to close and retreat. They knew that the garrison was going to abandon the garrison and retreat to Tongzi. The front attack troops launched a general attack from the south of the pass with intensive firepower and quickly killed the Loushan Pass. The enemy took advantage of the favorable terrain in an attempt to defend the pass and retreat to the north. The Red Army braved the barrage of bullets, rushed into the enemy's line, fought with the enemy and occupied the pass. The enemy fled north, throwing away weapons, cigarettes and a large number of military supplies along the way. The fourth regiment took advantage of the victory to pursue Xiaguan and went straight to Tongzi County through nanxikou and Honghuayuan. The flanking forces led by Pan Feng have conquered Tongzi, captured hundreds of enemies and seized a large amount of materials. On that day, the division headquarters of the second red division occupied Tongzi, and Loushanguan won the battle. On January 10, the red army pursued and annihilated the enemy, fought fiercely with two regiments of Hou Zhixi's department in Xinzhan for a whole day, repulsed Liao Haitao's Department, and occupied Songkan on January 11. The first division of Red Army and the tenth regiment arrived from Zunyi and settled in Tongzi, Xinzhan, Songkan and jiuluya to confront the Sichuan army, forming the northern defense line of Zunyi. They made important contributions to the security of Zunyi revolutionary center and the great historic Zunyi Meeting held by the Party Central Committee in Zunyi.

The second battle

In February 1935, the Chinese workers' and peasants' Red Army was the first

Chinese PinYin : Lou Shan Guan