Qi Great Wall Site

Qi Great Wall Site

Qi Great Wall site lies across the land of Qilu. It was built in the spring and Autumn period, more than 2500 years ago. It starts from the Yellow River in the West and ends at the Yellow Sea in the East; it winds thousands of miles from east to west, almost dividing the whole Shandong Province into two parts. The total length of the great wall of Qi is 618.893 km and it has climbed 1518 peaks. Among them, the best preserved Laiwu section of Qi is 57.832 km.

Qi Great Wall site is known as Qianli Qi Great Wall in history. Qi Great Wall originates from Pingyin County, Jinan City, on the East Bank of gujishui river. It passes through the peak of Dafeng mountain and winds thousands of miles to dongyujiahe village, Huangdao District, Qingdao City, and enters the sea in the north. This military defense, winding up and down on 1518 mountain peaks, passes through 94 townships and offices in 19 counties and cities including Pingyin, Changqing, Feicheng, Taishan District, Taian suburb, Licheng, Zhangqiu, Laiwu, Boshan, Zichuan, Yiyuan, Linqu, Yishui, Anqiu, Juxian, Wulian, Zhucheng, Jiaonan and Huangdao. On June 25, 2001, as an ancient building in the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, the Great Wall site of Qi was approved by the State Council to be listed in the fifth batch of national key cultural relics protection units.

Historical evolution

The construction of Qi Great Wall has its unique historical background and geographical environment. According to textual research, its construction, drawing lessons from the city defense means, has important military, architectural, economic, cultural and other values, is worth studying and exploring. Historically, in 771 BC, King Ping of Zhou moved eastward, and the royal family gradually declined, while Qi, Lu, Jin and other countries gradually became rich and strong, especially Qi, which was gradually rising in the East. Although the state of Qi, which gradually occupied the dominant position, developed rapidly, the powerful state of Jin in the South was always a disease in the mind of the rulers of Qi at that time, which made them uneasy at all times. At that time, other states were also in constant dispute, and the war was quite complicated, which was also a threat to Qi. Therefore, it really needed to be fortified.

Geographically, Qi's fiefdoms lie to the north of the Taiyi mountains, with its back against the mountains and facing the sea. There is no need to guard against the sea. It can be said that it is easy to defend but difficult to attack. There is only a land road to the south of Mount Tai, which leads directly to Lu, Chu and other countries in the south. Although Mount Tai Yi is a conventional boundary line, it is easy to defend but difficult to attack because of its broad terrain. It is the throat of the Central Plains countries to attack Qi, and it is the fortress that Qi needs to guard against. Moreover, according to historical records, from the spring and Autumn period to the early Warring States period, all countries mainly used chariots to fight. Therefore, the key point of fortification was to build passes to block chariots. In the Warring States period, infantry had more and more important military position because of their flexibility and ability to Cross Mountains, which forced Qi to build great wall on mountains to prevent infantry from entering Invasion.

It was for the purpose of defense that Duke Huan of Qi began to build the great wall here. Later, Qi linggong and Qi Weiwang continued to build the Great Wall eastward along the Taiyi mountains. By the time of Qi xuanwang, it had been built to the East China Sea. It should be noted that at this time, Lu was weak and Chu was strong, and the key point of expanding the great wall of Qi was to prevent Chu. According to the historical records, "it was built by King Xuan of Qi to resist Chu bandits". The rulers of the Ming, Qing and Republic of China also repaired the Qi Great Wall in Laiwu. Although it has experienced more than 2000 years of ups and downs, it is still clear that this historical witness remains, and it is the most complete section in the whole process of preservation.

Architectural features

The construction of the great wall of Qi Dynasty is characterized by adjusting measures to local conditions, making full use of the terrain, and using local construction materials. Plain and low hill, to build a soil board width of 123 meters, 78 meters high earth wall. For example, "dazhaitian" was built in lingzitou, and half of the south side of the site was excavated. The bottom width of the site is still 5.2 meters, and the height is only 2.5 meters. The collapsed site on Daxian mountain in the west of Muling pass has a bottom width of 15 meters and a height of 5 meters. The earthen wall is made of local materials, including loess, yellow clay, sand and gravel. No matter what kind of soil is, it is built with salted water. So far, salinization can be seen. The ramming layer varies from 10 cm to 25 cm during slab construction, and the ramming layer is obvious at the exposed place.

The mountain was built of stone. Some are built along the ridge into double walls 5-7 meters wide. Most of the city walls are not located on the ridge. Instead, a small amount of earth is excavated on the steep slope on the sunny side of the ridge to form a single-sided stone wall with a width of 1-2 meters. The wall is filled with earth and stone in the shade, forming a situation of being 6-7 meters high on the sunny side and only 1-2 meters high on the shady side. It is easy to defend and difficult to attack. The materials are block stone, strip stone, schist, granite, limestone, sedimentary rock, etc.

In Doulingzi mountain, Changqing District, Jinan City, a 50 meter long double wall was found. The outer wall was built on the sunny slope of the wall. The distance between the two walls was 2-3 meters. Sanguyu north mountain also found a serrated wall, that is, the outer side of the wall is triangular protruding, this section of the wall is 300 meters long. The walls on the hillsides from Mashan to Beishan in Zhucheng city are made of stones in a grid shape with an interval of 7-10 meters. The middle is filled with earth and stone, which can save materials and prevent soil erosion.

Because of the terrain, it is necessary to make full use of the dangerous wall which is tens of meters high. Because it is impossible to climb, it is no longer necessary to build a wall on it. In this case, the whole line of Qi Great Wall is used a lot, the short ones are tens of meters, the short ones are hundreds of meters, and the long ones are more than 1000 meters.

There are many examples of replacing city walls with mountain hazards, such as the great wall of Mount Tai and the great wall of Mount Boshan. The great wall of Qi Dynasty did not pass through the main peak of Mount Tai, but from the northwest of Mount Tai to the East through the shadow of Mount Tai. However, the wall was only built to the nail head cliff in the northwest of Mount Tai. To the east of laoguajian, Motianling, gaoshanjianzi and niushankou, the "northern hill of Mount Tai" was 15 kilometers long. Instead of building a city wall, the wall was replaced by a dangerous mountain peak at an altitude of 8900 meters, and Mount Tai at an altitude of 1545 meters The main peak serves as a barrier, so the infantry can't attack.

The ruins of Qi Great Wall are located in Chengzi Village (ancient city) over Zihe River, to the east of Santai mountain. Although there are black tiger, oil basket, Yanmen and other "Villages" but no city wall, the ruins of Qi Great Wall can only be seen to the east of Dagu and Xiaogu in Yiyuan County. From Lushan in the south, to Santai in the north, to Dagao in the East, 18 kilometers from north to south, and 14 kilometers from east to west, there are 52 peaks with an altitude of more than 800 meters. It is difficult to set up a battlefield for fighting horses and chariots in this "Boshan". Moreover, there is a barrier of Lushan with an altitude of 1108 meters in the south. Therefore, it is reasonable to replace the city wall with mountain danger. Moreover, the use of mountain perils instead of city walls also saved a lot of manpower and material resources, and alleviated a lot of labor.

Main attractions

Castle, barracks

Castles and barracks are special buildings for garrison defense. During the investigation, more than 50 sites of Qi Great Wall castles and barracks were found, which were distributed along the Great Wall from changshanling in the west to wage mountain in the East. Most of the buildings are located on the mountain peaks, a few on the important passes, and there are also large-scale barracks in important places for mobile deployment. Its scale varies from more than 30 square meters to more than 30000 square meters. The most typical are duzhuang castle and paigu city.

Lu Di Bianmen

Ludi Bianmen is located at beilingkou of Ludi village, 1.8 km east of Jinyang pass. It has been preserved completely up to now. The arch gate is built by granite block stone and strip stone, with the height of 2.5m, width of 2M and depth of 3.3m. The city wall passes through the gate, which is one of the two most complete temporary gates of the Qi Great Wall.

Dafengshan site

The great wall of Qi 2500 years ago, also known as changchengling and dahengling, was built by the state of Qi to defend against the military invasion of Lu, Chu and other Central Plains countries. It is also the dividing line between Qi and Lu. Guanzi said: "the Yang of the Great Wall is Lu; the Yin of the Great Wall is Qi.". The great wall of Qi starts from here and goes eastward through Shuangquan, Mashan, Wande, Licheng, Tai'an and Zibo to the northeast coast of dongyujiahe village, Jidao District, Qingdao city. It runs through 18 counties and cities (districts). It is a well-known story of mengjiangnu crying for the Great Wall. Here is the place where mengjiangnu cried for the Great Wall. Changqing District Wande town Changcheng village is the hometown of mengjiangnu, and there is also the site of Mengjiang temple.

Qi Great Wall Pass

The Great Wall Pass of Qi Dynasty is the most famous one. Located in the southeast of the county and on the Daxian mountain at the junction of Yishui, it is the gateway of Qi to the south. The site covers an area of 2600 square meters and the remnant wall is 3-5 meters high. In the south, it faces a deep valley, which is steep and can't be climbed; in the north, it is relatively gentle, relying on the Pingdingshan mountain, which can be attacked and defended in advance, and the terrain is extremely dangerous. The top of Pingding Mountain is as flat as a stone, covering an area of 5000000 square meters. Between the pass and the mountain, there is a narrow mouth in the shape of a cloth bag. It is a strategic place where you can attack and defend when you enter. There is a high platform 200 meters to the East and west of the pass. It is flush with the Great Wall in the north and protrudes about 2 meters in the south. It is a military subsidiary facility of the pass. There are also double walls in the north of the pass. Today, there are broken tiles from the Warring States period and a rebuilt stele from the Ming Dynasty.

Each section of the site

Changqing section site

The Changqing section is located in the south of Changqing County. There are two sections of sites in the East and the West. The westernmost section is 0.5 km northeast of Guangli village, 200 meters long, 2 meters high, 8 meters wide at the bottom and 2 meters wide at the top. It is made of rammed earth. The east section, 200 meters long, 2 meters high and 6-8 meters wide, is located in the south of Changcheng village, Wande town. In the northern part of the village, the original mengjiangnu temple was destroyed in the "Cultural Revolution". Today, the monument is rebuilt in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the north of North Matao village, Jieshou Town, along the ridge of Beiding mountain, there is also a section of great wall site, which is 4 kilometers long, 4-5 meters high, 8-10 meters wide at the bottom and 5-6 meters wide at the top. The wall is built with stone, and the corner is built with grass mixed with clay. On both sides of the pass at the junction of Changqing and Tai'an, to

Chinese PinYin : Qi Zhang Cheng Yi Zhi