Introduction to scenic spots
Xingtan is in front of Dacheng Hall of Confucius Temple in Qufu City, Shandong Province. It is said that this is the place where Confucius gave lectures. According to the chapter of Zhuangzi Fisherman: "Confucius swam in the forest of Ziwei (i.e. Heiwei, assumed as a place name), and did not sit on the apricot altar. When his disciples read, Confucius sang and played on the drum. " Before the Song Dynasty, it was Dacheng hall. In the second year of Tiansheng (1024), when the assistant supervisor of Confucius, the 45th generation grandson of Confucius, built the Confucius Temple, he "removed the ground as an altar and planted apricots around the former site of the main hall, which was called apricot altar". Therefore, "apricot altar" has become the pronoun of the holy land of education. The pavilion was built on Xingtan in Jin Dynasty, rebuilt in 1267, rebuilt in 1569, and inscribed by Emperor Qianlong in Qing Dynasty. This apricot altar Square Pavilion has double eaves, yellow tiles and Zhu columns, and cross ridges. The caisson in the pavilion is decorated with small brackets and colorful golden dragons. Under the pavilion are two character steles of danghuaiying seal script "Xingtan" and Qianlong "Xingtan praise stele". The pavilion is surrounded by stone railings, and there are corridors in all directions. The stone stove in front of the pavilion is exquisitely carved and is a cultural relic of the Jin Dynasty. Apricot trees are planted all around the pavilion, and apricot flowers are in full bloom every spring. In the poem titled apricot altar written by Yan Shenggong, a descendant of Confucius for 60 generations, it says: "the ruins of Lu city have become empty, and the point of the harp is in the imagination. Unique apricot altar spring early, annual flower hair old red.
Apricot altar is a memorial built to commemorate Confucius' education and education. It is located in the middle of the hall with double eaves. Douba caisson is used inside, yellow glaze is used for tile, and Golden Dragon and seal are used for color painting, with high specifications. It was built in Jin Dynasty and rebuilt in 1267. The existing building is a relic of Longqing of the Ming Dynasty. It is 12.05 meters high and 7.34 meters wide. It has a square plane and is open on all sides with three rooms on each side.
Historical biography
The thirty first chapter of Zhuangzi zapian fisherman says: "Confucius swam in the forest of curtain, and did not sit on the apricot altar. When his disciples read, Confucius sang and played on the drum. " Originally, according to Sima Biao of Jin Dynasty, Xingtan only refers to "high places in the middle of the river". Gu Yanwu of Qing Dynasty also believed that all Confucius in Zhuangzi were written in the way of fable, and Xingtan need not have its own place.
But a popular saying that the apricot altar is in front of Dacheng Hall of Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province. In the Song Dynasty, Confucius, the 45th generation grandson of Confucius, added the ancestral temple, "taking the old stone of the lecture hall as the altar, and planting apricots around it, which was named after the apricot altar.". Therefore, the present Confucius Temple in Qufu actually has apricot altar.
It can be seen that "apricot altar" actually refers to "the place where Confucius gives lectures", and now it also refers to the place where he teaches.
Xingtan of Songyang Academy in the Qing Dynasty, a famous scholar in Zhongzhou, Geng Jie, presided over the promotion of Songyang Academy. During the lecture period, there was an ancient apricot tree on the altar, which was said to be planted by Geng Jie. Today, the altar is protected by stone, and the platform railings around the altar are restored to the original appearance.
In 522 B.C., Confucius was born in his thirties and began to establish civilian education
In order to straighten the crumbling palace and change the reality of "rites collapse and music collapse", he gave lectures. Confucius' educational thought is a kind of people-oriented thought, "education without distinction": regardless of the rich and the poor, regardless of the noble and the humble, regardless of the old and the young, regardless of nationality, inclusive. On this day, Confucius led a group of young people to build the altar, and moved a small ginkgo tree to plant beside the altar. Confucius stroked the ginkgo tree and said: "ginkgo has many fruits, which symbolizes that the disciples are all over the world. The tree pole is straight and upright, never leaning out, symbolizing the integrity of the disciples. The nuts are edible and can be used as medicine to treat diseases, which means that the disciples can benefit the country and people's livelihood after they have learned. Let's call this forum Xingtan! " Since then, Confucius gave lectures in the apricot altar every day, and his disciples gathered from all over the world. According to the book of rites University, "after self-cultivation, the family will be unified, the family will be unified, and the country will be unified." In feudal times, most of the scholars had the pursuit of morality and knowledge. Even if they were in trouble and failed in their official career, they could still maintain their moral integrity. Mencius · heart to heart says: "if they are poor, they will be good at themselves; if they are successful, they will be good at the world."
It is said that Confucius set up a teaching in apricot altar. He received 3000 disciples and taught them six arts. Since ancient times, scholars have praised the beautiful talk. Furthermore, Xingtan was included in the architectural system of Confucius Temple as a symbol of Confucius' rejuvenation of education. This pattern even affected the Southeast Asian countries as far as Confucianism was concerned.
Apricot altar is a symbol of Confucius' education glory. It is located in the middle of the corridor in front of Dacheng hall. It is said that it is Confucius' lecture place. Beside the altar, there is an ancient cypress, which is called "cypress planted by our ancestors". The apricot altar is surrounded by Zhulan, Xieshan on all sides, crisscross ridge, two-layer yellow tile cornice and double half arch. Inside the pavilion are carved caisson and painted with golden dragon, among which is the "praise of apricot altar" stele of Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty. The stone incense stove in front of the pavilion, about 1 meter high, is a relic of the Jin Dynasty. The altar was built in the Song Dynasty, surrounded by apricots, so it was named; in the Jin Dynasty, a pavilion was built on the altar. It was rebuilt in the late Ming Dynasty, that is, today's Xingtan.
Textual research
"Praise of apricot altar" imperial stele Confucius apricot altar set up teaching, although many later generations praise it, but it is not seen in the Analects, Mencius, Xunzi, Zuozhuan, xiaodai Liji, which is not far away from Confucius in the pre Qin literature, even the name of "apricot altar" did not appear, which is quite puzzling. So, where did the establishment of Xingtan religion come from? Among the historical records of Kui, the most ancient one is the master's miscellaneous notes written by the forty seventh generation of Confucius during the Shaoxing period of the Southern Song Dynasty. Among them, there is an article on the apricot altar, which briefly says: in the past, in the reign of King Ling of the Zhou Dynasty, when Duke AI of Lu, the master drove from the east gate of going abroad to visit the apricot altar. Disciple Shi lie, Gu said: "zlu will Zang Wenzhong oath altar also." Seeing things and thinking of people, singing on the harp. The Song said, "when summer comes and cold comes, spring comes and autumn comes, the setting sun goes to the West and the water flows to the East. Where are the general's horses today? Wild grass and idle flowers are everywhere
But when we ponder over this passage carefully, there are many doubts: at the end of the passage, Confucius sang seven character quatrains. This new style of poetry began between Qi and Liang dynasties in the Southern Dynasty, and it is impossible for Confucius to have one. In the spring and autumn war, all of them were chariot soldiers, and the book Zuo Zhuan makes it clear. It wasn't until the king of Zhao Wuling, Hufu, that there were cavalry, which had entered the Warring States period. Zang Wenzhong was a native of Lu in the spring and Autumn period. Why did Confucius sigh "where are the horses today"? This is the second. Thirdly, Xingtan was first created by Zang Wenzhong, and Confucius just inherited its name because of its place. Based on the above three points, we can see that this article should be based on the pretext of the good doer, which can not be believed.
The name of "Xingtan" can only be found in Zhuangzi Yufu in pre Qin literature
Confucius traveled in the forest of the curtain, stopped sitting on the apricot altar, his disciples read books, and Confucius sang on the string of drums and harps. In the middle of the performance, the fisherman came out of the boat (Confucius) I'm asking for it. As for zepan
Sima Biao said: "the curtain is black forest. The apricot altar is high in the forest
Gu Yanwu's textual research at the end of the Ming Dynasty holds that all the descriptions of Confucius in Zhuangzi are fables. The fisherman doesn't have to be a fisherman, and the apricot altar doesn't have to have a place. Even if there is one, it is also in the water among the reeds and in the land beside the lake. It is also clear that it is not in the state of Lu. Today's Apricot altar is an additional ancestral temple built by sun Daofu of the forty-five dynasties during the reign of emperor Qianxing of the Song Dynasty, and the main hall was moved later. Because the old base stone of the lecture hall was used as the altar and apricot was planted around it, it was named after the ear of apricot altar.
Gu Yanwu takes "Fisherman" as an allegory, "Fisherman doesn't have to have a person, apricot altar doesn't have to have a place, that is to say, it's also in the reed on the water, the place beside Yipi, not in the state of Lu." And further research shows that the first place to sit in the apricot altar was the supplement of Confucianism in the Northern Song Dynasty. Today, the south of Dacheng hall in Qufu is the former site of the lecture hall. The emperor of the Han and Ming Dynasties visited Confucius' house in the East, and he once said sutras here. In order to avoid destroying the ancestral temple, Confucius built an apricot altar by taking Linghu as the altar and planting apricots around it. Gu's theory, except that the apricot altar was built in the reign of emperor Qianxing of the Ding Song Dynasty, can be regarded as the source of the whole thing.
So, when was Xingtan built? Qufu county annals refers to Daofu, which was built in the second year of emperor Zhenzong's reign in the Northern Song Dynasty (1018)
Before the Song Dynasty, the apricot altar was originally the site of the temple. During the reign of emperor Tianxi of the Song Dynasty, the ancestral temple was built by sun Daojian of the 45th generation and moved to the north. He didn't want to destroy the historic sites, because Chuang Tzu said, "Confucius traveled in the forest of curtain, and stopped sitting on the apricot altar.",
Chinese PinYin : Xing Tan
