Li Jiawei landlord manor

Li Jiawei landlord manor

Lijiawu landlord manor is located about 3 kilometers west of Madian Town, Huoqiu County, Anhui Province. It is a famous landlord manor in China. During the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty, there was a "double thousand hectares" brand (200000 mu). It is distributed in Huoqiu, Jinzhai, Yingshang, Gushi, etc. Li Menggeng once showed off that "the horse does not eat other people's grass for a hundred miles, and the people do not drink other people's water for a hundred miles.". And in Shanghai, Nanjing, Tianjin, Qingdao, Dalian and other places to open factories, banks, pawnshops, schools, theaters 45. Before liberation, the area of land occupied by landlords ranked first in the country, and its political power was second only to Liu Wencai, a landowner in Dayi County, Sichuan Province. From 1851 to 1949, the Li family dominated the country for four generations, and cruelly ruled and exploited the peasants for 100 years.

site selection

According to the records of Huoqiu County annals in 1928, Li Jiawei was the first to build a village in Xianfeng. At that time, brothers Li Daonan, Li Yanan and Li Tunan were in charge of the Li family's property. They were called "big old Taoist", "two old Taoist" and "three old Taoist" behind their backs. They are very superstitious in geomantic omen. When they choose the site of the polder, they follow the concept of "people depend on the mountain, money comes from the near water, and all the gold and silver come from the hollow". They set the polder in the middle of the Pingfan surrounded by green mountains and green water. With Yinzhu mountain on its back, Ma'anshan on its face, Changshan mountain on its East and Meishan mountain on its west, there are two streams, spring weir and Meishan weir. In front of the confluence polder from the East and the west, around the Lijia ancestral hall, Ma'anshan flows eastward into Chengxi lake. Mr. Feng Shui called it the place of "hidden dragon and crouching tiger".

After the site of the polder was determined, it was started in the sixth year of Xianfeng (1856 A.D.), and hundreds of craftsmen were employed. At the same time, more than 4000 tenants were forced to work for it, burning bricks and tiles, digging ditches, moving bricks and stones, and transporting wood. The construction was completed after 10 years. It covers an area of more than 70 mu and has more than 430 houses. When the tenant farmers went out to build the polder, they were frozen, hungry, tired, and physically punished to death. Farmers Wang Huiyou and Zhao were generally weak and sick, unable to lift the stone, and were killed alive by Li Tunan with a copper pipe dry tobacco bag. The common people said: Li Jiawei was built with the bones of farmers.

layout

Before the founding of the people's Republic of China, standing on paomagang, overlooking lijiawu, gouqian and huanzhai, the suspension bridge was hanging in the air, facing south and North. If you look carefully, the village is divided into three houses and one house is divided into four courtyards. There is a string of beads from the front door to the hall building. One of the five rows of houses is higher than the other. It's really like the deep sea, one door and one pass.

——Defense facilities

Outside the front door of each house, it is two feet wide and several feet deep. The outside of Hao is protected by huge stones, and the inside wall is built with more than Zhang stones from the bottom of the water, and the top is connected with city bricks, which are towering more than Zhang. There are three rows of shooting holes on the brick wall: lying, kneeling and standing. Six turrets were erected on the East, West and north sides of the polder wall, protruding outside the wall. There are gun holes on three sides of the turret for shooting. On the roof of toumenlou, there are six beasts with five spines. In the middle, the iron Eagles spread their wings and dive in the shape of catching chickens. Ming Dynasty "swallow gold", two black paint gate, riveted tea cup big, couplet "everything but to get through, this heart must be flat", false tell the world is charity family. On both sides of the gate stretched out two black holes, called the size of the "white dragon.". There are two big round windows of the stone mill facing south on the two sides of the door. In addition, the suspension bridge and the oak trees screaming in the wind make people feel dark and gloomy. Next to the head door, two rows of low houses facing north. To the West are the fodder depot and the barracks. There are mule stables and long workshops in the East. The open space inside the gate is 180 feet wide from north to South and 140 feet long from east to west. Usually, I train my servants here. In the afternoon and autumn, it becomes a rent collection place.

——Landscape facilities

A lotus pond was built in front of Ermen, where "shougui" was raised and lotus was planted. On the lintel of the gate, four big characters of "Tian He Xian Fu" in the seal script of gold show that it is "elegant and refined". Close to the mouth of the dam in front of the gate, there is a stone on the horse. Here, the military people want to get off the horse, and the literati want to get off the sedan chair. There are three types of stone carvings on the anvil: lion lying on drum, open mouth lion and dribbling lion.

The architectural form of the second gate tower is basically the same as that of the first gate tower.

The wing rooms and ear rooms on both sides of the two doors were used for milling houses, prison cells, and houses for protecting the polder and soldiers, as well as for the distant relatives of the clan. In accordance with the feudal hierarchy system, different functional characteristics of the building, hall, hall, pavilion and partial room, ear room, open shed were set up. There are upper and lower study rooms in the three hospitals for young masters and young ladies to read and practice calligraphy and to receive literati. They are equipped with exquisite couplets, calligraphy and painting, which are very elegant.

The courtyard is mainly a cupboard room for housekeeper and accountant to live and move. It is also a secret room for reception of businessmen and brokers.

There is a stage and theater building built in the three gates of the east courtyard, which supports a troupe (Qingfu Troupe) to perform for each family.

There are also open sheds for tenants to pay rent and deliver lessons, and warehouses for storing grain and other food.

——Main hall building

Inside the four doors, the three courtyards, central, East and West, are all on the same horizontal line. Each courtyard has a large guest building or living room. The courtyard is open, and it is a palace style building: Five Ridges and corners, heavy beams and frames; 24 columns, each with a diameter of 40 cm; there are hanging plaques, holding plaques on the columns, black paint and gold characters. Under the plazas, there are dragon, Phoenix, lion, deer and elephant arches carved, decorated with colored paintings. There are flower beds and flower beds in the courtyard, which are specially used to receive dignitaries and gentry.

In the four doors of the West courtyard, there is a "imperial edict building" which worships and worships the imperial edict. It is resplendent, carved and solemn.

The last entrance of the three courtyards has a main hall building, which is the living room for the elders. In the middle of the hall, there is a memorial tablet dedicated to the ancestors of the Li family. The Baoding candlestick is a place for offering sacrifices to the three stars of fortune, fortune, longevity and the king of heaven and earth.

On both sides of the main hall building of each courtyard are the East and West Hall buildings, which are maidens' boudoirs and embroidered rooms. They are also equipped with wing rooms for maids and maidservants, and low houses for concubines and maidservants.

The layout of the whole building is symmetrical and coordinated, with high-rise buildings and low eaves crisscrossed. The houses in the large and small courtyards are covered with eaves, and the open air leading to the courtyard is connected by road corridors, or connected by waist doors, and the corridor waist is back. This architectural form avoids the scorching sun in summer. Even if it rains heavily, the ground is overflowing, and the shoes are not wet when wearing the hall and courtyard.

The courtyard is tight and compact, the courtyard is large but not spacious, with flower beds and flower beds, and full-time gardeners are employed to cultivate seasonal flowers.

There are three brick wells built in the polder, each with its own purpose. The east well is for people to drink, the west well is for horses, and the courtyard well is for watering flowers.

Architectural skills

The whole building is a structure of carrying beams, heavy beams, wooden rafters and bricks. Half of the wall column is embedded in the wall, and half is exposed outside the wall, which is in an arc, and has an iron wall hook passing through the wall, flattering the wall. The column is painted black and bright. ——Floor tile wall

Under the column, there are buttresses, which can not only bear the pressure, raise the building, but also prevent moisture. Buttresses are made of bluestone, with flat drum shape, long drum shape, square shape, hexagonal shape, carving various patterns.

The floor of the room is paved with square bricks. The specifications of the bricks vary according to the size of the hall, or they are laid in a twill shape, and the lines are straight and orderly. The courtyard was paved with square stones.

There are stone steps under the eaves of each floor. They are made of hard blue stone. They are 50 cm wide, 20 cm thick and 3-4 meters long. From south to north, they rise from grade 2 to 7. The east courtyard hall building is slightly higher with 7 steps. The West courtyard hall building is low with 9 steps.

Below the windowsill is the foundation wall made of pure brick, built with lime mortar, horizontal and vertical, with fine workmanship and wall thickness of 50cm. The wall above the windowsill is made of "gold wrapped in silver", commonly known as "inside born outside cooked". The exterior wall is only built with a brick thick wall, and the joints are plastered with lime. The interior wall is built with adobe, solid and thick, warm in winter and cool in summer.

——Carving decoration

Tongdun (wooden pier) is placed on the top of the column, under the transverse and stringer, and the connecting part between the two tenons is carved with various exquisite patterns such as lotus shape, golden melon shape and flat drum shape.

The length of the supporting arch varies with the depth of the house, with a length of 150 cm, sharing the transverse load. There are cylindrical, flat square, quadrangular, carving Jackie Chan, deer, lion, Ao all kinds of strange animals, realistic shape, delicate knife, smooth lines, painted red, yellow, blue, white colors, embellishment foil lifelike. Engraved "dragon" means "green clouds rise", engraved "Lion" means "dispel evil", engraved "deer" means "increase official rank", engraved "Aoyu" means "more than a year in a row".

Pulling square plays a pulling role between the two columns. It is usually exposed under the eaves or indoors. There is a long square and a short square. There are long flat, fan-shaped, half money shaped, carved with figures, birds and animals, flowers, insects and fish, painting and carving, the meaning is very deep, engraved with "fan" for "good deeds", engraved with "fish" for "more than a year in a row", engraved with "Narcissus Ganoderma lucidum" for "Buddha Fairy", engraved with "bat" for "happiness like the East China Sea", engraved with "mandarin duck" for "kindness", engraved with "pine and cypress" for "Immortality" In addition, there are other characters in the opera, such as "two immortals in harmony", "Eight Immortals crossing the sea" and "twenty four filial piety".

The roof is traditional tile house construction technology. After the wood frame is made, wooden tile rafters are nailed on the stringers and full of minibus bricks. After the bottom tile is put on, it will be made into tile stem and cover tile, cage by cage up to the cornice, making all kinds of eyebrow shaped and fan-shaped tile heads. Between the two tile cages, water is added to the bottom tile head to facilitate water dripping. In the eaves of every hall, there are rolling sheds with painted surfaces.

Building, hall, hall, room, wing room, ear room, regardless of class pick wing angle, all do have ridge. ridge

Chinese PinYin : Li Jia Xu Di Zhu Zhuang Yuan