Terracotta warriors and horses in dangerous mountain

Terracotta warriors and horses in dangerous mountain

Weishan is located in the west of Zhangqiu District, Jinan City, Shandong Province. It is located at the junction of plain and mountain area, with an altitude of about 205 meters. Some hills in the north of the Taiyi mountain system can be seen in the south, surrounded by Piedmont plains. Therefore, the dangerous mountains with low altitude become "high mountains" in the surrounding plains.

geographical position

In 2001, the government of Shengjing town planned to invest 130 million yuan in the restoration and construction of the dangerous mountain scenic spot. In that year, 40 million yuan was invested in the construction of Shengjing square, and some Taoist temples and temples were restored. In 2002, when we planted trees in the scenic area, we found the Han Dynasty funerary pit. The awareness of the protection of cultural relics made the news of the discovery of pottery figurines in the dangerous mountain quickly reflected to the culture (cultural relics) department through normal channels. Shandong Provincial Department of culture and Jinan Municipal Bureau of culture attached great importance to the discovery and established a joint archaeological team composed of Shandong Provincial Institute of cultural relics and archaeology, Jinan Municipal Institute of Archaeology and Zhangqiu District Museum of Jinan City. From November 29 to December 30, the archaeological team carried out a rescue excavation of the Han Dynasty burial pits in Weishan.

Explore the objects

In this excavation, a total of three burial pits of the Han Dynasty were found, among which Pit 1 is the pit of chariots and horses, Pit 2 is the pit of figurines related to the life of the tomb owner. In addition to the scattered bones in the sarcophagus and wooden coffin, some pottery pots, pots and other utensils were unearthed in Pit 3. In addition, thirty or forty arrowheads and some stone balls of unknown use were found.

No. 1 funerary pit is north-south, about 9.7 meters long, 1.9 meters wide and 0.7-0.9 meters deep. The terracotta warriors and chariots in the pit are arranged from south to north. On the whole, it should be the form of soldiers, chariots and horses that reflected the travel of the dignitaries in the Han Dynasty. There are four or five hundred relics in the pit. Due to the collapse of the cover plate, the cars, horses and figurines in the pit were seriously broken. The relics in the pit include more than 170 pottery figurines, more than 50 pottery horses, 4 pottery carriages and nearly 100 shields. In addition, pottery relics related to drum music and ritual system, such as Jiangu, Beigu, Bi, pan and Zhu, were found. All the pottery found are painted, colorful and lifelike.

Pit 2 is located on the west side of Pit 1. It is 3.3 meters long from north to South and 26 meters wide from east to west. A car, two horses and seven pottery figurines were found at the bottom of the pit, five of which were maids. Rotten marks of wooden boxes were also found at the bottom of the pit.

Other information

The age, nature, status and function of the funerary pits in Weishan have been paid much attention since they were discovered. There are many different and even contradictory views and conjectures.

The funerary pit found in Weishan is the largest one in Shandong Province, which is an important archaeological discovery in Han Dynasty. Relevant experts announced that among the terracotta warriors and horses unearthed in China, the scale, structure and significance of this group of terracotta warriors and horses are second only to those of Emperor Qinshihuang and those of yangjiawa in Xianyang, Shaanxi Province, which can be called the third largest terracotta warriors and horses in China.

Mystery solved

1、 The historical evolution of Weishan and the king of Jinan in the Han Dynasty

In ancient times, the dangerous mountain was called Wuying mountain. In old times, there was a strange stone in the southeast of Yuhuang Pavilion. Every three minutes at noon of the summer solstice, people stood on the stone without shadow. Wuyuan River and Juye River pass around the mountain, and the geomantic omen is very good. In addition, to the north of Weishan is Dongping mausoleum, which is an important city in the Han Dynasty. The long history and culture, the superior political and economic conditions make many dignitaries flock to them, and they are also buried here after their death. It is in this historical background that the number of Han tombs and the abundance of pottery figurines around the dangerous mountain appear.

In the 16th year of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, Liu piguang, his nephew, was granted the title of king of Jinan and lived in Dongping mausoleum. PI Guang began to build palaces in the city, and Jinan was once prosperous. In the third year of emperor Jingdi of the Han Dynasty, Liu piguang participated in the "rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms" and committed suicide after failure. When Emperor Jing heard about it, he thought that he was "forced to rob for a plot, not his crime", so he ordered to build a tall tomb for him at the top of dangerous mountain, which was buried with heavy ceremony and thick burial. This is the iron tomb top on the top of the mountain. After the death of PI Guang, the state of Ji'nan was removed and changed to Ji'nan county. It still governed Dongping mausoleum, including Dongping mausoleum, Zouping mausoleum, Tai mausoleum, liangzou mausoleum, Tugu mausoleum, Yangqiu mausoleum, Banyang mausoleum, Ying mausoleum, Chaoyang mausoleum, Licheng mausoleum, Zhuo mausoleum and Yicheng mausoleum.

In the third year of Yuanshou, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty Liu Che granted Prince Qixiao the title of king of Jinan, and in the fifth year of Yuanding, Liu Jiuhong. In July of the first year of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Xuandi Liu Xun granted Guangling Li Prince Liu Sheng the title of king of Jinan. In the first month of Jianzhao's first year, Emperor Liu Shuang made Prince Liang Jing king of Jinan. In the second year of the Yuan Dynasty, Liu Ao, Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty, made Liu Feng, Prince of Liang Huang, king of Jinan.

In AD 9, Wang Mang established a new dynasty. Because he was from Dongping mausoleum, he changed the name of Dongping mausoleum to Le'an, which lasted for 16 years.

In the 15th year of Jianwu, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty Liu Xiu made his third son Liu Kang king of Jinan. In the 17th year, he became king of Jinan. In the 28th year, he became king. This is another prosperous period of Dongping mausoleum. According to the book of the later Han Dynasty, "an Wang Kang in Jinan In the 59th year of the founding of the people's Republic of China, Hong died and his son Liu CuO succeeded to the throne. " In the first year of Yuanxing and cuohong, his son Liu Xiang succeeded to the throne. In the first year of Yongjian, Liu Xiang died and had no son. Liu baosui, Emperor Shun, made Liu Xian, the wrong son, king. Yongjian died five years ago, and his son Liu Guang succeeded to the throne. In the first year of Yongxing, Liu Guang died because he had no son. In June of the third year of Jiaping, Wang Lizi was the king of Jinan, and Cao Cao was the Prime Minister of Jinan. After Liu Lizi's death, his son Liu Fu succeeded to the throne. In the 12th year of Jian'an, Huangjin army captured Dongping mausoleum and killed Liu Fu. His son Liu Kai succeeded to the Three Kingdoms, belonging to the Wei Dynasty.

2、 Princes buried in dangerous mountains with historical records

Looking at many historical books, there are historical records of the princes buried in dangerous mountains in the Han Dynasty, including Liu piguang, king of Jinan, and Liu Jianglu, king of filial piety of Qi.

According to relevant records, Liu piguang's rule of Jinan is pinglingcheng, Longshan Town, Zhangqiu District, Jinan City. According to the 14 counties under the jurisdiction of Jinan County in Hanshu, according to shuijingzhu and the geographical records of the past dynasties, the area and scale of Pingling city is larger than that of Jinan City. Because Liu piguang, king of Jinan, lived in Pingling, he was also known as the king of Pingling in history books. After the rebellion of the seven kingdoms, he committed suicide and was buried on a dangerous mountain. His tomb was called the tomb of the king of Pingling. Later generations built the temple of the king of Pingling on the top of the mountain.

After the rebellion of the seven kingdoms, Liu piguang, king of Jinan, Liu Jianglu, king of filial piety of Qi, and Liu Guang, son of Liu Xindu, Marquis of Yingping, and Liu Yan, son of Liu Ningguo, Marquis of Shiqiu, committed suicide on the same day. They were buried together on the top of Weishan mountain in Zhangqiu. They were cast with iron, so they are commonly known as iron tombs. After that, there was only one son left in Qi's mourning for King Hui, Liu Zhi, king of Jibei. In order to buy people's hearts, Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty took Liu Zhiqian, the king of northern Ji, as the king of Zichuan, and Liu Shou, the son of Liu Jianglu, as the successor of the king of Qi, in order to worship the garden of King Hui, King AI and King Wen of Qi. In the old days, there was a couplet on the gate post of qixiaowang ancestral hall on the dangerous mountain: "with red hands on the Milky way, the public name will fall to the world; with white bones buried in the green mountains, I come here to kowtow to the heroes." It is the true portrayal of the tragedy at that time.

3、 On the mystery of the owner of the terracotta warriors and horses tomb in dangerous mountain

In the middle and late Western Han Dynasty, it took 166 years from Emperor Hanwu Liu Che to the death of the reformer Liu Xuan. The period of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty is the most powerful period of the Han Dynasty. With his great talent, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty attacked Xiongnu in the north and resisted Baiyue in the south, which established the stability of the frontier of the Han Dynasty and ushered in economic prosperity. After his death, some high-ranking officials, relatives and military generals built large-scale mausoleums, such as Mausoleum of Emperor Wu, Tomb of Wei Qing and Tomb of Huo Qubing. In the late Western Han Dynasty, with the political chaos and economic recession, the production of pottery figurines lost its economic support. The scale is small, and the quantity is far less than that of the early period. However, from the unearthed pottery figurines, we can still find its different characteristics: the subject matter of pottery figurines is becoming more and more extensive. In the early Western Han Dynasty, except the soldiers and horses, the female servant figurines are common, and other kinds of pottery figurines are rare. In the middle and late period, with the changes of funeral customs, people pay more attention to the actual scenes of daily life. After the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, influenced by the minority culture in the western regions, music, dance and opera became popular in the Central Plains and became popular art forms. In the second year of Yuanfeng, when Chang'an performed a hundred operas, the villagers 300 miles away went to the capital to watch them. This kind of situation is increasing in the dignitaries. Almost all the banquets are accompanied by singing, dancing and acrobatics to help the drinking, which has become an indispensable part of people's daily life. Therefore, it is not surprising that there are terracotta warriors and horses from the western regions in the burial pits of the terracotta warriors and horses in dangerous mountains.

By the time of "the rule of culture and scenery" and "the prosperity of the Han Dynasty" for more than 70 years, there was nothing wrong with the country, but floods and droughts. The people had enough to give and their families were full, and their families were despicable and their families were full. The capital's money is so huge that it can't be used for education. The millet of Taicang is so abundant that it can't be eaten. There are horses in the streets and alleys of the common people, and there are groups among the fields. The people are rich because of the sparseness of the main line, and the wealth of the people is abundant. Sometimes, they merge the disciples of the powerful party to make arbitrary decisions in the local music. The imperial clan has its own land, and the officials below it fight for luxury. The imperial clan's public clothing is above it, unlimited. " The dangerous mountains and the surrounding areas of Dongping mausoleum are rich areas with economic development. Without strong economic support, it is impossible for such a large-scale pottery figurine, cavalry and chariot array to appear.

The social atmosphere of the Western Han Dynasty also contributed to the colorful art of the figurines. The terracotta figures of Han Dynasty were developed under the influence of Qin terracotta figures. The terracotta warriors of Qin Dynasty are the products of the highly centralized and autocratic monarchy, whose main characteristics are unity, simplicity and dignity. Compared with the Qin terracotta, the Han terracotta is lack of spirit, but it is better than the Qin terracotta in the aspects of various themes, various types and reflecting the social features. The main reason is the social atmosphere of the Han Dynasty. Art is a reflection of the style of the times. In the early Han Dynasty, it was influenced by Emperor Wen and Emperor Jing

Chinese PinYin : Wei Shan Bing Ma Yong