Niuheliang Hongshan cultural site

Niuheliang cultural site

synonym

Niuheliang Hongshan cultural site generally refers to Niuheliang cultural site

Niuheliang site is located in Lingyuan City, Chaoyang City, Liaoning Province, 119 ° 30 ′ E and 41 ° 20 ′ n. It belongs to the Hongshan Culture of the late Neolithic age, 5500-5000 years ago.

The site was discovered in 1981 and excavated in 1983. In 1984, the Liaoning provincial government set up the Niuheliang archaeological work station in Lingyuan City. In 1988, it was announced by the State Council as a national key cultural relics protection unit. In 2003, the excavation of the 16th site was rated as one of the top ten archaeological discoveries in China. In 2004, the site was listed as a major site by the State Administration of cultural relics. In 2006, it was included in the re established "China world cultural heritage preliminary list" by the State Administration of cultural relics.

In 2008, the State Administration of cultural relics and the people's Government of Liaoning Province decided to officially start the construction of Niuheliang National Archaeological Site Park Based on the 8.3 square kilometers core protection area of Niuheliang site.

In 2012, together with Hongshanhou site in Chifeng City and weijiawopu site, it was included in the reset "China world cultural heritage preliminary list". In 2013, Niuheliang National Archaeological Site Park was officially listed in the second batch of national archaeological site parks by the State Administration of cultural relics.

The discovery of Niuheliang Hongshan cultural altar, temple, tombs and other sites and precious jades proves that as early as the late Hongshan culture 5000 years ago, the social form had developed to the ancient stage of primitive civilization. Niuheliang site has a great influence on the history of social development, traditional culture, ideology, religion, architecture and art in ancient China.

Niuheliang Hongshan cultural site is indeed the holy land for the Chinese nation to seek their ancestors and the dawn of Oriental civilization.

Historical evolution

Niuheliang site is located in the west of Liaoning Province, near Chengde area of Hebei Province. In the Warring States period, it belonged to the northeast of Yanyou Beiping county and the west of Liaoxi county. In the Western Han Dynasty, Lingyuan, Kazuo and Jianping counties now belong to Bailang County, Zixian county and Chengxian county. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was occupied by Wuhuan and Xianbei. In the Three Kingdoms, it was Xianbei in the Wei Dynasty. In the Western Jin Dynasty, Changli County of Pingzhou was once set up. It was soon occupied by Xianbei people. First it was the place of Wen family with Xianbei character, and then it was merged into Murong family, which was the place of Qianyan. Longcheng, the capital of the former Yan Dynasty, is the old Chaoyang District. From the Northern Wei Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was Yingzhou. In the Northern Wei Dynasty, Guangdu and Shicheng counties were set up in this area, belonging to Jiande county. In the Tang Dynasty, the governor's office of Yingzhou was set up. Chaoyang was the seat of Liucheng County of Yingzhou, and then the seat of Pinglu Jiedushi. After the "an Shi rebellion", this area was occupied by Khitans, and the southern boundary of Xi people's activities also reached Bailangshui. In the Liao Dynasty, Jianping and Lingyuan were Huizhou, Dading Prefecture, Zhongjing Road, Hezhong, Yonghe and Youshan counties, respectively. The Jin Dynasty belonged to Dading Prefecture on Beijing Road, and the county name generally followed the old name. The Yuan Dynasty belonged to Daning Road, and today Lingyuan belongs to Youshan county and Hezhong county. In the early Ming Dynasty, it belonged to xinchengwei, Yingzhou zuotungwei, zhongtunwei and daningwei, and later to the ancient pasture of Yanwei family in haduo, Wuliang. At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, this area was the left wing banner of Kalaqin, belonging to zhuosotu League.

In 1738 A.D. (the third year of Qianlong reign of the Qing Dynasty), tazigou hall was set up, which belongs to Chengde Prefecture of Zhili Province. The hall is located in today's Lingyuan town. In 1774 (the 39th year of Qianlong reign of the Qing Dynasty), Three Pagoda halls were set up in the east of the sub pagoda zigou hall, which is located in today's Chaoyang City. In 1741 ad (the 43rd year of Qianlong reign of the Qing Dynasty), the office of tazigou was removed and Jianchang County was set up, which belongs to Chengde Prefecture. The county government is still in today's Lingyuan town and governs today's Lingyuan, Kazuo and Jianchang counties. In 1903 (the 29th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty), Jianping County was set up in the east of Jianchang County. In 1904 ad (the 30th year of Guangxu reign of Qing Dynasty), Chaoyang was promoted to the government, and Jianchang and Jianping counties belonged to Chaoyang. Since then, Niuheliang site was located in Jianchang County (now Lingyuan county). At the beginning of the Republic of China, Jianchang County was changed to Lingyuan County, belonging to Rehe province. Rehe province was abolished in 1956, and Niuheliang area belongs to Lingyuan County of Liaoning Province. On February 14, 1992, Lingyuan county was set up as a city. Niuheliang site belongs to Lingyuan City, Liaoning Province.

Key sites

Niuheliang site (protected area) covers an area of 58.95 square kilometers and 23.56 square kilometers of construction control area.

Niuheliang site (core area) is also a world heritage site with an area of about 8 square kilometers.

Niuheliang site (core area) has 16 numbered sites, including four key sites: Goddess temple, altar, stone mound and pyramid.

Among the 16 sites, the first site, zhushoushan site and the 13th site are on the same straight line, forming the central axis of Niuheliang site. Other sites are distributed around this central axis.

Goddess Temple

The first site, the site of the female temple, is located in Lingyuan City (on the Lingyuan side of the border line between Lingyuan City and Jianping County).

At 631.1 meters above sea level, the temple is in a narrow and long shape, with the longest from north to south of 22 meters, the narrowest from east to west of 2 meters and the widest of 9 meters, 20 ° south by West. The temple is divided into two units: the main unit and the single unit. The main part is connected by many chambers. The main chamber is round, with a circular side chamber on the left and right. There is a rectangular chamber in the north and two circular chambers in the south, which are connected with a rectangular chamber which is horizontally arranged from east to west. The main part of the temple is a seven room layout, with a total length of 18.4 meters from north to south. There is a single room in the south of the main part, which is 6 meters long and 2.65 meters wide. The main room is 2.05 meters away from the South single room.

The temple is a half cavern civil structure. At present, the underground depth is 0.8m-1m. From the arc wall reserved at the junction of the underground part and the ground part, the underground part of the wall is vertical, and the ground is arched. According to the analysis of carbonized wood column marks distributed in rows on the four sides of the South single room, there were wooden columns on the ground, grass was pasted into bundles on the inside, and then grass was mixed with soil to form the wall. The walls are made of various sizes of imitation wood strips, mostly square strips, 4-8 cm wide. According to the existing specimens, the square wood is used as the horizontal wood, and the vertical wood that intersects with it is the round wood column, which is connected with the imitated vertebra Mao type. The wall is multi-layer, in order to facilitate layer by layer bonding, the inner wall often makes dense round holes, such as honeycomb. On the wall, there are also geometric patterns drawn in red and white. The lines are broad straight lines and broken lines, and the two opposite broken lines are a group. Although relatively simple, it should be the earliest mural in China.

Goddess temple is the earliest prehistoric Temple site in China. The head of goddess, known as the common ancestor of the Chinese nation, was unearthed in the temple

Altars and stone mounds

The second site, the altar and jishizhong site, is located in Lingyuan City (on the side of Lingyuan at the junction of Lingyuan City and Jianping County).

The altitude is about 625 meters. The second site is located on the top of Niuheliang, which is just north of the first site. The distance between the two sites is 1050 meters.

The second site is 130 meters long from east to west and 45 meters wide from north to south, covering an area of 5850 square meters. It consists of six units. No. 3 round altar, in the west of the altar is No. 1 and No. 2 graves, in the East is No. 4 and No. 5 graves, and in the north is No. 6 grave. Because the relics on the north side are poorly preserved, it is suspected to be a stone mound, so it is temporarily called No. 6 grave, which constitutes the form of "five graves and one altar".

In the second place, the tombs in Jishi tombs have shown the form of hierarchy, the specifications of tombs have been divided into high and low, and the quantity and specifications of jades are also different. It can be said that the ideology of "one man alone" and "King above" has been formed. The cylindrical pottery ware was a very special kind of pottery sacrificial ware at that time. It had no cover on the top and no bottom on the bottom. It was placed around the tomb boundary. It played the role of connecting heaven and earth. It can also be understood that the soul of ancestors could go in and out freely. In the second place, two jade pig dragons, one green and one white, were unearthed from tomb No. 4 of No. 1 tomb. They were placed with their backs facing their heads downward and their legs crossed. Archaeologists called them the intersection of heaven and earth, also known as the sum of yin and Yang. They represented the smooth weather, with typical jade objects under their heads. The discovery of three jades proves that the second site and even the whole Niuheliang site group belong to the large sacrificial site of Hongshan culture. The second site, tomb 21 of No.1 tomb, is the one with the most jades in a single tomb in the field of Hongshan culture, with a total of 20 jades. The second site, tomb No.1 of No.2 tomb, is the central Tomb of the second site, with the highest specification. It is surrounded by stone walls, and the interior is surrounded by stone steps. The tomb is deeply studied in bedrock, and the sarcophagus is wide and neat. Unfortunately, only a small number of human bones were found in the central tomb.

Note: the ancient Chinese called the raised tombs "graves". Therefore, archaeologists called the tombs of Hongshan Culture piled up with stones "stone mounds".

Pyramid top

The 13th site pyramid site is located in Lingyuan City, far away from the boundary of Lingyuan City.

It is the largest single building in Niuheliang site group, with an altitude of 564.8 meters. The whole building is a mound shaped earth rock structure, with rammed earth mound in the center and stone masonry around the mound. The diameter of the central mound is 40 meters. From the bedrock surface of the hill to the top of the existing mound, the residual height is about M. The earth mound is surrounded by stone masonry with a diameter of 60100 meters and a total area of nearly 10000 square meters: such a huge "pyramid" has the following characteristics: its nature and internal structure

Chinese PinYin : Niu He Liang Hong Shan Wen Hua Yi Zhi