Wuguan

Wuguan

Wuguan, ancient Jin and Chu, Qin and Chu

Border access control. It is located on the North Bank of dongwuguan River in Danfeng County, Shangluo City, Shaanxi Province. Together with Hangu pass, Xiaoguan pass and Dashan pass, it has become the "four fortresses of Qin Dynasty". Wuguan has a long history. It was established as early as the spring and Autumn period, named shaoxiguan. It was changed to Wuguan in the Warring States period. Guancheng is built on a relatively flat highland between the canyons, with high Shaoxi mountain in the north and dangerous scenery in the south. The perimeter of Guancheng is 1.5 km. The wall is built with earth and is slightly square. The East and the West have their own doors, and the holes are wrapped with bricks and stones. Before the founding of the people's Republic of China, "Sanqin fortress" was on the west gate, "Wuguan" was on the east gate, and "gushaoxiguan" was on the inner gate. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, the city gates and walls were destroyed. The terrain in the west of guanxi is relatively flat. It only goes out of the east of Guanxi and twists along the mountainside. The cliff is high and the valley is deep. It is narrow and difficult to walk. Therefore, Wuguan is a place for ancient military strategists.

Location context

Wuguan, known as "shaoxiguan" in the spring and Autumn period, is "the fortress of Sanqin" and "the throat of Qin and Chu". Gu Zuyu in the Qing Dynasty said in Volume 54 of his notes on history reading Fang Yu: "it is the danger of mountains and rivers to grasp the relationship between Qin and Chu. Road Nanyang and east move into Lantian and close right danger. It's very important for us to guard against the enemy "There are three ways to enter the pass since ancient times One enters Wuguan from the southeast. Gu Dong, a native of the Qing Dynasty, wrote a poem: "Wuguan is closed to the middle of the Qin Dynasty, and Xiangyun Jianghuai road is blocked." Since the spring and Autumn period, there has always been defense in Wuguan. We must fight for military strategists. Wuguan old city wall, North cliff, South juejian, river Ring East, West, South three sides, the city site across the river. In the east of the city, there are four ridges, especially DIAOQIAO ridge, which is high and steep. "One way up the mountain, you can't ride at the same time", shielding Wuguan. Therefore, it is called "the southeast gateway of Guanzhong" in history, and has the reputation of "Qinguan Baier". Up to now, there is still a section of the ancient "Qin Chu boundary wall", about 300 meters. Known as Shangyu road and Shangshan road in ancient times, it is an important gateway to the southeast of Shaanxi Province and a link between the ancient capital Chang'an and Jingxiang, Wuyue. From Chang'an, through Jidao, Bashang, Zhiyang, Lantian, Yiguan, Shangluo, Wuguan, Danshui, Xi, Li and other places to Wancheng.

Surrounded by mountains and rivers, it is a natural danger. It was once known as "the heaven fortress controls the Divine Land", "it is difficult for the enemy to attack if the door is closed", "Wuguan closes the middle of the Qin Dynasty, and the road between Xiangyun and Jianghuai is blocked". It has been a place for military strategists since ancient times. During the Warring States period, when Qin went out of Wuguan and took 15 cities to the East, King Huai of Chu was held in Wuguan; when Qin Shihuang visited Wuguan, all of them passed through Wuguan; when Liu Bang entered Wuguan, Guo Ziyi sent a dead envoy to Tibet to escape at night; Huang Chao went out of Wuguan to fight in the central plains; Li Zicheng went out of Wuguan to march into Beijing after hoarding soldiers in Shangluo; in 1932, general he long led his troops to fight against the enemy Liu Zhenhua.

Up and down beacon towers also exist. There are Muhu pass in the west, Fushui pass in the East, Baiyang pass, Zhulin pass, Jingzi pass and Manchuan pass in the south, Tiesuo pass and Jitou pass in the north. The pass faces each other and can be fortified. Liu Bang, Huang Chao, Li Zicheng, Bailian doctrinal army and the workers' and peasants' Red Army led by he long all went in and out of Wuguan.

Ruins

Wuguancheng site is 42 kilometers east of longjuzhai Town, south of Shangyi national road. It is the South Pass of Qin Dynasty. Together with Hangu pass in the East, Dashan pass in the West and Xiaoguan pass in the north, it is called "four fortresses in Guanzhong". Guanzhong is named after being among the four passes. Its boundary is "the head of Qin and the tail of Chu", which is "the throat of Qin and Chu" and "the key of Guanzhong".

Wuguan City, north of Shaoxi mountain rock danger, East, West, south of Wuguan Valley juejian. "Surrounded by mountains and water, natural dangers" have been a must for military strategists of all dynasties. Since ancient times, it has been known as "attaching great importance to tiansai and controlling Shenzhou" and "Qinguan Baier". "Zuo Zhuan · the fourth year of AI Gong" states: "in the fourth year of AI Gong of Qin Dynasty (533 BC), Chu conquered Yi Hu and planned for the north, so he would learn to obey orders." It shows that Shaoxi pass has been set up in the spring and Autumn period, which was renamed Wuguan since the Warring States period. According to the stele of rebuilding Wuguan, which was written by nanboring of Taipusi in Ming Dynasty, it was rebuilt in 1510, the fifth year of Zhengde in Ming Dynasty. After on-site investigation, the rammed earth of today's city wall is also broken into Ming City. The site is rectangular, 1000 meters from east to west and 500 meters from north to south. It was built with rammed earth plate, 8 meters high and 3.4 meters thick. In the East, West and south, there is a gate, which is made of brick and stone, with a city tower on it. The west gate is "Sanqin fortress"; the outer gate is "Wuguan", and the inner gate is "gushaoxiguan".

In the cultural revolution, the city lost its monument. So far, there are only a few piles of rammed earth around the East and West gates of Wuguan city wall. After the establishment of the county cultural relics management committee, three pieces of lost titles were collected from 1986 to 1987. There are no government offices in the city. In 1980, during the general survey of cultural relics in Shangluo area, tiles carved with seal characters such as "Wuhou" and "qianqiuwansui" were found at the site of Wuguan City, and tiles with seal characters of "Wu" were also found. In 1956, when Wuguan primary school was collecting soil near the west wall, it found a five angle shaped pottery sewer pipe similar to that unearthed in Longshou village, Xi'an. Since then, bronze tripods, bronze francs, bronze swords, bronze arrows and a large number of pottery and fragments have been unearthed many times over the years. In 1988, during the general survey of cultural relics in Shangluo area, three Han Dynasty pottery kilns and one Han Dynasty tomb were found in Wuguan. All these can be used as the material evidence of the establishment of the Yamen in Wuguan during the Warring States period and the Han Dynasty. Wuguan city street neat, is now the seat of Wuguan township government.

As for the garrison and defense of Wuguan in the past dynasties, according to the records of the Han Dynasty, the first year of Liu Xuan's reform (23), the commander of Wuguan was Zhu Meng. "Sui Shu · Yangdi Ji" said: "in Shangluo to set the guard." According to the continuation of Shangzhi written by Kangxi of Qing Dynasty, Yan Jingyu, the deputy commander of shouwuguan, succeeded Xiao Yuanchang in the 18th year of Kaiyuan of Tang Dynasty (730). According to the general annals of Shangzhou in Zhili, the inspection department was set up in Wuguan in 1393. In 1737, a barracks was built. In 1757, the Yamen was rebuilt with five courtyards, five large courtyards and more than ten class rooms. The gate is decorated with a gold plaque of "guarding the camp in Wuguan city". On the side of the gate, there is a huge stele of "ancient shaoxiguan" written by Luo Wensi, a state official (it is said that it is spread in the canal in the middle of Wuguan East Street). Its yamen was occupied by grain station after liberation. After the "Cultural Revolution", the grain station was transformed into a warehouse. At present, only the main hall of Guandi temple and the music tower, which were rebuilt in the Qing Dynasty, are left in the city. Kuixing tower in the southeast corner of the original city, Shizuizi stone Buddha Temple in the southwest corner, Longwang temple, lelou temple, Bodhisattva, God of wealth and God of fire have all collapsed. Since ancient times, Wuguan has been known as the military fortress of "it's hard for the enemy to make a crime without locking the door", "it's still open at night without locking the door" and "Xiongguan refuses thousands of men". The sidaoling (DIAOQIAO ridge) in the east of Shaanxi Province has a "boundary wall between Qin and Chu". At the top of the mountain, there was a closed door and a suspension bridge. It was not allowed to ride at the same time outside the mountain. It was a natural danger. There are front and back beacon towers on the side of the wall (see the dividing wall between Qin and Chu in this chronicle for details). So far, this wall and beacon tower still exist.

According to Gu Zuyu's notes on history reading Fang Yu in the Qing Dynasty, "when the Qin Dynasty and the Chu Dynasty joined, according to the danger of mountains and rivers, the road to Nanyang moved to the East, and the road to Lantian was closed to the right. It's very important for us to guard against the enemy Qing Gu Dong high Poetry: "Wu Guan a hand closed Qin, Xiang Yun Jianghuai road impassable." Since the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, the military affairs in Wuguan have been frequent. The poem "Wu Guan" written by Tan Sitong of Qing Dynasty says: "across the sky, there is no DengXiao, Qingcang, the ancient battlefield of chushui and Qinshan." "Qin Chu war, beheading 80000" that battle in Dan, Xi shore, after the king of Chu Huai was held in Wuguan. Du Mu's title of Wuguan says: "Bixi left Wuguan East for us, and when we smile, we will be poor." Cui Rong's poem: "the world laughs in the green mountains, and Zhang Yi is easy to return it.". Liu Bang conquered Wuguan and became emperor; Deng Ye conquered Wangmang; Chimei army entered Wuguan and shaken the Han Dynasty; Huanwen and Liu Yu army broke Wuguan and destroyed the former and later Qin Dynasty; Guo Ziyi reorganized Wuguan and fled Tubo at night; Huangchao left Wuguan and moved to the central plains; Hongjin army entered Wuguan and "Sanfu" was frightened; Li Zicheng left Wuguan and later built Dashun; Bailian cult, Taiping Army and Yihetuan invaded Wuguan and shocked the Qing Dynasty. In 1932, the Red Army led by he long and the warlord Liu Zhenhua also fought fiercely at the bottom of wuguanxi temple.

Wuguan, a military fortress in Qinguan and Chuxiu, is not only a military fortress, but also has beautiful scenery. In the old days, there were "eight sceneries": Yuguang huizhao, Shiqiao ancient ferry, Bishan Luming, Yanshui Yuyue, Longtan ancient temple, Baiyan fairyland, manglengshenzhi and Yuquan beads. The poets of the past dynasties who stayed in Wuguan were Han Yu, Yuan Zhen, Bai Juyi, Du Mu, cen Shen, Li Shangyin, Kou Zhun, Wen Chun, he Jingming and so on. Chairman Mao Zedong wrote a poem "staying at Wuguan again" written by Li she in Tang Dynasty to express his feelings and inspire the Chinese people. In 1959, the Ministry of forestry held an on-the-spot meeting of Walnut in 16 provinces (cities) in Wuguan and built a stone tablet in Xigang.

Dividing wall

Wuguan, the fortress of Sanqin, is about 2.5km away from the East. One ridge is the fourth ridge of sidaoling (DIAOQIAO ridge), which is the outline of Wuguan. In ancient times, there was only one way to go to Wuguan. The mountain is high and steep, and the road is not suitable for riding. "Historical records" said that "Qinguan hundred two (with two enemies hundred), potential such as Jianling.". It has always been a must for military strategists. At the top of the DIAOQIAO ridge, there is a section of "Qin Chu boundary wall", about 3500 meters long, 2 meters wide at the bottom, 1 meter wide at the top and 3.5 meters high. It is made of rubble. The west of the wall is Qin, and the East is Chu, which is the boundary between the two countries during the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period. Across the road, there are towers. Its arched door opening is 3.4 meters high, 2.7 meters wide and 3.4 meters deep. There are three buildings on it, and a suspension bridge is set in front of the door. There are two beacon towers in the southeast of the wall. The front desk is 30 meters higher than the boundary wall, and the back desk is 150 meters higher than the front desk, echoing with Tieyupu, Taohuapu, ziyuling, Longju village, Shangshan and Dihua,

Chinese PinYin : Wu Guan