Chaona City

Chaona City

Chaona ancient city, the site of Chaona ancient city in Qin and Han Dynasties, is located in an ancient town 15 kilometers west of Pengyang County, Guyuan City, on the North Bank of Ru River at the intersection of dangru River and rensan river. It is 12 kilometers from the great wall of Qin Dynasty in the Warring States period in the north and 27 kilometers from Guyuan in the northwest. In the early period of history, Chaona ancient city was located in the military center of the ancient Guanzhong and the western regions, and its military geographical position was very important. The existing site was built in the Han Dynasty. The ancient city is rectangular, 682 meters long from east to west, 480 meters wide from north to south, covering an area of 327000 square meters; the wall remains 1-10.8 meters, and the bottom of the wall is 14 meters thick; the four doors, East, West, North and south, are still uneven after 2000 years of wind and rain and war. Its towering body has a clear outline and magnificent momentum. Due to the war and other factors, the jurisdiction of Chaona County in history has been expanded several times, and the county has moved many times.

Appearance of the site

Chaona ancient city is located in the ancient village of Chaona town. It is 0.6km away from Chaona town in the north and xinjichuan in the south. There is a deep ditch 1.5km from the east to the west, dongtuqiao in the East and shenqiaogou in the West. Each of the two ditches has an 8m wide rammed earth bridge as a vehicle sidewalk. There is Fanba gully 2 km southeast, and there is a natural earth bridge in it for vehicles to pass through. Due north 3 kilometers for thin string beam, two sides of the sky, there is a road, connecting the north and South tableland.

The city site is located in the north and south, half mountain and half plateau, covering an area of about 0.8 square kilometers. In the north, the city wall is built at the gourd shaped waist of the tableland. In the south, the central axis is chengtouling, which protrudes from the hillside. It extends southward in a fan shape along the left and right mountain bays with similar terrain. In the middle of the East and west mountain bay, there are three water springs, each with strong water source, sweet and delicious. In the southeast of the city, there are liufanliang to the West and huangfuling to the East in the southwest. If they are surrounded by two arms, they are called "two gods protecting the city".

Layout of remains

There are two remains of the city wall on the ground. One is the East-West wall at a depth of more than 60 meters on the edge of the tableland, with a remnant length of more than 70 meters and a height of 1-2.6 meters. The wall is made of rammed earth with burnt earth alternately. The ramming layer is 12-16 cm thick, and the ramming pit is not obvious. It is made of square flat bottom stone with a side length of about 40 cm. In the ramming layer, there are fine mud plain red pottery pieces, sand rope red pottery pieces and sporadic Qin and Han gray pottery pieces of the Qijia culture in the Neolithic period. One is the North-South wall on the west side of the tableland and the east side of gouwan. It is about 20 meters long, 4.3 meters high and 1.2 meters wide. The construction method and the inclusion in rammed earth are the same as the north city wall. According to the local farmers, there were walls on the East, West and north sides of the city in the early years, with a height of about 2 Zhang and a width of 3 feet at the top. There were gaps of 1 Zhang and 2 feet at the East and West ends of the north wall, which were the only way to enter the city. The local people called the gate. At the corner of the gate, there were square mounds protruding from the wall, which were called the gate piers of the East and West. In 1958, the labor force of three or four agricultural cooperatives was concentrated in the mass fertilizer search movement, and the northern city wall was reduced by half. After that, the masses continued to collect soil, and the east wall was uprooted, while the north wall was reduced again and again, but the excavation of a section of the wall on the Western hillside was less.

There are two Hutong shaped ditches outside the north city wall, which are called ma Dao by local people. One starts from xichengmen in the South and connects with Chaolong highway in the north, with a total length of 1.2 km. The other is connected to the agricultural highway of Sanli village in the West and passes through the ruins of the ancient city in the East. It runs through the three villages of shegu, Hougou and baozi, with a total length of about 5 km. The width and depth of the two raceways are the same, 4m wide and 2m deep. At present, it is cultivated land, and the surface soil contains pottery pieces and debris of various times since the Qin and Han Dynasties. From the bottom of a section of horse road exposed in the residential area of shegu village, the talus layer on the road surface is 0.26 meters thick, with late Neolithic red pottery pieces inside. The topsoil layer on the talus layer is 1.14 meters thick, with debris and pottery pieces from Han and Tang Dynasties to Ming and Qing dynasties inside.

Although the two horse roads fluctuate according to the topography of the tableland, they are straight without bending, the width is unchanged, and the depth is the same, which is beyond the reach of manual excavation. According to the local people's legend and analysis of the exposed part of the situation, it is no doubt that these two moats on the plateau were ancient chariot and horse roads. Its age is inherited from the site of Chaona ancient city.

The part of the tableland in the city is occupied by the masses for building and farming. The ground is scattered with pieces of ceramics, tiles, residual bricks and artificial carved stones from the late Neolithic period to the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Most of them are relics of Han and Tang Dynasties. At the east end of the city, there is an open area, which is called laodaoxiang by the local people. The ground is covered with pottery pieces and debris of the Han and Tang Dynasties. It is said that this was the market and trade place of the ancient Chaona county. At the west end of the city, a platform slightly higher than the tableland was once the site of the "great temple". There are rammed earth marks and house residues on the cross section of the platform, and the ground is full of residual bricks and broken tiles.

Under the tableland, there is a fan-shaped mountain bay to the south, and the upper part is the residential area of local people. On the section, there are many remains of house foundation, ash pits, residual stone slabs and so on. In the middle part, there are terraces with large drop, and there are piles of residual bricks, broken tiles and stones beside the ground. Among them, the more typical relics are rope pattern gray pottery, string pattern gray pottery, rope pattern board tiles and rectangular green bricks. The terrace section has three layers of stone, 1-1.5 meters thick and 7-11 meters apart. Under each layer of stone, there are several holes in the square cave, which are passed down from generation to generation by local people, and are called cangjiao. Most of the caves have been filled and sealed because of landslides. Some of them have only a gap of less than 1 square meter left. Mud has accumulated in the cave, making it difficult for people to enter. There are 16 well preserved holes with the same size. The kilns are 12-13 meters in depth, 5 meters in width and 5 meters in height. There are horizontal kilns connected with each other in the kilns. The side walls of the kilns are cut with lamp nests, and the end walls are left with rest platforms or small square kilns of 0.5-1 meters in length, 0.5-0.7 meters in width and 1 meter in height. The kiln is chiseled with a sharp blade. The width of the knife groove is 1cm. The wall is polished with mud made of soil, plant ash and grass. The thickness of the mud is 0.5cm. The texture is soft and elastic, and the color is bluish gray. There is no smoke trace in the kiln, and the smoke glaze in some kilns is black and bright, which is reserved for people's accommodation in the future. From the analysis of the same size, orderly arrangement and smoke-free marks in the caves, it is believable to call them Cangyao.

The chengtouliang in the center of the city site is 40 meters lower than the tableland. It is close to the center of Shanwan in the north. It is three platforms with equal distance, straight to the south, facing the sky in three directions. The ridge is 20 meters wide and more than 300 meters long. Each platform has a square building foundation protruding from the ground. The foundation is rammed with miscellaneous soil, and a large number of broken bricks and tiles are piled on it. It is said that this place used to be the garrison of the warehouse protection army.

According to the above ruins and the corresponding place names, the layout of Chaona ancient city is generally Zhongcheng, Dongjie, Xisi and Nancang. It was founded in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, and flourished from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties. It was gradually abandoned after the Tang and Song dynasties.

scenic spot

Chaona ancient city is located in the ancient town people's government, 16 kilometers west of the county. Because of its long history, Chaona city is called the ancient city, which is the seat of Chaona County in Qin and Han Dynasties. Chaona city is located in the middle of the ancient city of Sichuan, on the North Bank of the Ru River. It is surrounded by mountains on three sides and is the key to ancient Chang'an. The terrain is flat, its plane is rectangular, 682 meters long from east to west, 480 meters wide from north to south, covering an area of 327000 square meters. The remnant height of Chaona city wall varies from 1 to 13 meters, the base width is 14 meters, and the rammed earth layer is 14 to 20 meters. Chaona city has four gates in the East, West, North and south. Today penggu highway passes through the East and West gates. There are moats about 3 meters deep and 20 meters wide along the Chaona city wall, which still exist today.

With a long history, it is one of the four earliest counties in Ningxia. In 272 B.C., King Zhaoxiang of Qin Dynasty destroyed the state of yiqurong. With chaonayi as the center, there was a county government for more than 1200 years. In the Ming Dynasty, it was reduced to dongshanli and in the Qing Dynasty, it was the ancient city Chuanpu.

In the fourteenth year of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, the Huns rode into chaonaxiaoguan at 140000. Sun angbixue, the commander of Beidi, scattered on the battlefield, shaking the court and the field. In 1949, the Chinese people's Liberation Army (PLA) fought against Ren Shanhe, shaking the world and weeping ghosts. After many vicissitudes, the ancient city of Chaona has been seriously damaged, but the outline of Chaona is clear and majestic. In 1985, it was announced as a key cultural relics protection unit at the county level by the county people's government.

Address: the people's Government of Gucheng, 16 kilometers west of the county

Address: in Gucheng Town, 15 km west of Pengyang County, Guyuan City

Longitude: 106.46504974365

Latitude: 35.859729766846

Chinese PinYin : Chao Na Cheng