Pingcheng site

In the first year of Tianxing (398), Tuoba Li moved his capital to Pingcheng in July, and in the 18th year of Taihe (494), Emperor Xiaowen moved his capital to Luoyang. He built his capital in Pingcheng for 97 years. After six emperors and seven generations, he has become the political, economic and cultural center of northern China, with a population of one million. At that time, Pingcheng was divided into Imperial City, outer city and Guo City. Twenty miles to the outer city, and thirty-two miles around the outer Guo, there are twelve gates. There are four or five hundred houses in the big and sixty or seventy houses in the small. The capital extends to Daijun in the East (West of Nuanquan Town, Yu County, Hebei Province), Shanwu in the West (South Gucheng village, Youyu county), yinguan in the South (Xiaguan village, Southeast of Shuo county), and Shenhe in the North (northeast of Yanggao County). Its Jingdian "extends to Shanggu junduguan in the East (north of Changping County), the Yellow River in the west, Zhongshan aimensai in the South (southeast of Lingqiu County) and Wuyuan in the North (West of Baotou City)". Besides, there are four directions and four dimensions, which are guarded by eight commanders. After the establishment of Pingcheng capital, the Northern Wei Dynasty carried out a series of capital construction, including 24 Tianwen, Tianhua and zhongtianjun halls, 15 Xigong, Beigong, Nangong, Donggong and Ninggong palaces, four Dongyuan, Xiyuan, Beiyuan and Luyuan palaces, three Hualin, Yonglin and Yongxing palaces, six Hongyan and Tianyuan ponds, and four mica and Jinhua palaces There are six halls, seven Pengtai and Baitai, three Xuanwu and Wuwu buildings, three Liangfeng, Linwang and Dongming temples, three Jiaotan, Fangtan and Wujing emperor altar, Taimiao, Taishe, Taiji emperor society, Confucius Temple, Huquan, Yuanqiu, Fangze, Mingtang, Lingtai and Biyong. The scale, number, layout and planning of the buildings are unprecedented. In the Northern Wei Dynasty, Buddhism flourished. There were more than 400 temples and 30000 monks and nuns in Kyoto. In addition to Yungang, which is "the most famous" in the world, there are Yongning Temple, Tiangong temple and five level temple. In order to improve the urban environment, muddy water is introduced from the north of the city and wuzhouchuan water from the west of the city. There are gurgling water on the west side of Weidu street, fish playing in the East and West fish ponds, and willows, poplars, and mixed trees beside the water. The city is decorated with fresh and elegant water and trees. With the towering palaces and pavilions, the city is really full of flowers. It's really "Lingtai mountain standing, water pool garden, double towers and ten thousand ridges, nine thoroughfares and four thoroughfares, luxuriant feathers and graceful halls". Pingcheng site is located in the north of today's Datong City, west of Datong railway station to Chenzhuang area, north by Fangshan, outside by the Great Wall. Today, the banzhucheng foundation in the north of Datong, the east of shanghuangzhuang and the north of baimacheng village are the remains of the north wall of Guocheng. There were large pieces of stone storage bricks and tiles arranged neatly near Datong station, Li Shu tiles of "long live the rich" and so on. On the north side of Gongnong Road outside the south gate, large stone pillars and mortar were unearthed. It can be inferred that this is a large architectural site of the Northern Wei Dynasty. In the East, there was a square inkstone carved with earth and stone. The head of the inkstone was carved with earring shaped pool and four groups of patterns such as riding animals, horning, dancing and bathing monkeys. The patterns of cloud dragon, rosefinch, waterfowl and fish on the side of inkstone and the square shape of the lower pot door are the unique stone carvings of the Northern Wei Dynasty. The site also unearthed eight pieces of silver flow, carved silver bowls and gilded high steel cups, which have the characteristics of gold and silver wares of the Sassanian Dynasty in Iran. It is the physical witness of the contact with the western regions in the Northern Wei Dynasty. In recent years, new sites have been found in the south of the city. Pingcheng site is a national key cultural relics protection unit.

Pingcheng site

Pingcheng site, the capital of the early Northern Wei Dynasty (398-494), is divided into three parts: Palace City, outer city and Guo City

It is distributed in the railway station area in the north of Datong City, Shanxi Province. Gongcheng is located in the playground street in the north of Datong City

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In the first year of Tianxing (398) and the 18th year of Taihe (494) of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Tuoba family of Xianbei established its capital in Pingcheng (Pingcheng site) for 96 years. After six emperors and seven generations, it had a population of one million

. Pingcheng site is located in Fangshan in the north and the Great Wall in the outside. It is 16 kilometers around Guocheng. There are more than 60 large-scale buildings such as Tianwen hall, Tianhua hall, Ziji hall, Donggong, Xigong and Wanshou Palace inside and outside the palace. The Liangjiao site, rammed earth platform site and Mingtang site of the Northern Wei Dynasty have been found

. The excavation of Mingtang site (one of the components of Pingcheng site) in the Northern Wei Dynasty is of great value to the study of Pingcheng layout and ancient Chinese ritual system

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On January 13, 1988, the Pingcheng site was announced as the third batch of national key cultural relics protection units by the State Council of the people's Republic of China

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Historical evolution

In July of 398, the first year of Tianxing in the Northern Wei Dynasty, King Tuoba Si of the Wei Dynasty became emperor and moved his capital to Pingcheng (Pingcheng site). Pingcheng was built on the basis of Pingcheng County in the Han Dynasty

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In 406, Emperor Daowu built shuangque, Taimiao and shejitan in the south of Pingcheng palace, and built the outer city

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In 486, Emperor Xiaowen issued an imperial edict to build the Ming Hall of the Northern Wei Dynasty

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Taihe 15 years (491), the Northern Wei Ming Tang completed

Under the leadership of Li Bing, the Minister of history, it was built with the stone of Wuzhou mountain, three times the scale of the temple of heaven in Beijing

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In 494, Emperor Xiaowen moved his capital to Luoyang

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In the fifth year of Zhengguang (524), six towns in northern China revolted and Mingtang was destroyed in the war

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In 1372, Xu Da built Datong City on the basis of the outer city of Pingcheng (Pingcheng site) by removing the southern part of the outer city

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In May 1995, archaeologists in Datong city discovered the Mingtang site at the construction site of Pingcheng site south (liuhangli, Xiangyang Street, Southeast of Tongcheng City)

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In 1996, archaeologists in Datong City excavated part of the rammed earth platform of the South Gate of Mingtang site in Pingcheng site

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In April 2000, 11 tombs of the Northern Wei Dynasty were discovered in the gentle slope platform of Pingcheng site (south of Mapu mountain and east of Yuhe River) by Yanbei normal college and Datong Institute of archaeology. Pottery figurines, stone coffins and murals were unearthed

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In 2002, the East and west streets of the playground city with a total length of more than 900 meters were renovated and widened. Archaeologists in Datong City conducted an archaeological investigation on the palace city in Pingcheng site. They unearthed the remains of slate tiles, tube tiles, tiles, bricks, animal bones and so on, revealing that the East and west streets of the playground city in the north of Datong City were successively overlaid with the cultural layers of Liao, Jin, Northern Wei and Han Dynasties

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In March 2003, the joint archaeological team of Shanxi Province and Datong city discovered the No.1 site of the Northern Wei Dynasty (the royal architecture site of the Northern Wei Dynasty) in the Pingcheng site (behind the north gate of the fourth middle school of Datong), which is the site of nine double slope footpath palaces with wide face

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In 2007, the joint archaeological team of Shanxi Province and Datong City excavated the No.2 Northern Wei Dynasty site of playground City 150 meters northeast of No.1 Northern Wei Dynasty site in Pingcheng site (Hanlin other courtyard site), clearing out more than 50 column foundations and 5 round cylinder grain cellar relics

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In 2008, the joint archaeological team of Shanxi Province and Datong City found the No. 3 Beiwei site of playground city in Pingcheng site (after the No. 1 Beiwei site), and cleared out the granary site, compound palace, architectural relics and ash pits

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From 2008 to 2016, Datong Municipal People's government restored the Pingcheng ruins wall with brick bags

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In 2015, archaeologists in Datong City conducted the third cultural relic drilling and excavation of Mingtang site in Pingcheng site, which proved the layout, function and scope of Mingtang site

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Site features

overview

Pingcheng site is located on Fangshan Mountain in the north and the great wall outside. It is divided into three parts: Palace City, outer city and Guocheng. The perimeter of palace city is 4 km; the perimeter of outer city is 10, with 3 gates on each side and 12 gates in total. Inside the gate, there are many buildings and 100 temples; the perimeter of Guocheng is 16 km; East, West, North and South are opposite to each other, with 3 main roads, 3 and 3 phases. In the city, Jiuqu (Crossroads) and 16 squares (residential areas) are formed The south wall was built in the Ming Dynasty, and the outer wall of the Northern Wei Dynasty was made of light colored loess. The inner wall of the brick was divided into two layers. The inner wall of the brick was built in the Ming Dynasty

Inside and outside the palace city, there are more than 60 large-scale buildings, such as astronomical hall, Tianhua hall, Ziji hall, East Palace, West Palace and Longevity Palace

In the north of the city, there are YONGGU mausoleum, YONGGU Shishi, Siyuan Lingyuan, Zhaitang, Shique, Lingquan hall, Lingquan pool, grotto temple, Yulu and other mausoleums built by the empress Feng of the Ming Dynasty; in the south of the city, there is a tomb area, including Datong welding equipment factory, Beiwei tombs, Sima Jinlong tomb, Beiwei Mingtang Biyong site, etc

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Ming Tang site

Mingtang site is one of the components of Pingcheng site. It is located in the south of Pingcheng site (liuhangli, Xiangyang Street, Southeast of Tongcheng City). Its diameter is about 290 meters, covering an area of about 70000 square meters, and its base side is about 43 meters long

Based on the Eastern Han Dynasty Luoyang Mingtang, combined with the three rites, it created the shape of Lingtai, Mingtang and Biyong palace. Near the Mingtang, there are Taimiao, Taixue, Lingtai, Yuanqiu for worshiping heaven, Jitian, Yaopu and other buildings, which are the royal architectural complex of the Northern Wei Dynasty

The central part is the imperial chamber, the East, the west, the north and the south are Qingyang, Zongzhang, Mingtang, Xuanshi and the left and right auxiliary rooms respectively, and the nine rooms and twelve halls are used to worship and arrange the Zhaomu ancestors, and to publicize the government

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Liangjiao site

The Liangjiao site of the Northern Wei Dynasty is located in the imperial building of the Northern Wei Dynasty in the Pingcheng site

Chinese PinYin : Ping Cheng Yi Zhi