Sixteen venerable

Sixteen Arhats

synonym

The sixteen sages generally refer to the sixteen Arhats

The sixteen Arhats are mainly based on Tang Xuanzang's translation of the great arhat namitra Sutra. They are: Yibin duroba laanja, erkanokavatsan, sankanokaba lidaja, sisupinda, wunuojara, liubatara, qikalika, bavajaraphdora, jiushuboga, shibantuojia, 11luohula, 12najiasina, 13yingjie Tuo, 14 varnavas, 15 ashdodo, 16 dhabantoga. Arhat is a disciple of Sakyamuni Buddha. According to the Scriptures, they were instructed by the Buddha not to enter Nirvana, to live in the world, to be supported by the world, and to be a blessing for all living beings. In addition, there are eighteen Arhats. This is from the sixteen Arhats plus two venerable ones. There are many opinions about the two statues added, but I will not list them one by one.

origin

Among the ancient translations, such as on entering Mahayana translated by Beiliang Daotai said: "the venerable bintoulu, the venerable luoluoluo, and so on. All the sixteen people heard it out loud and scattered in Zhuzhu Protect the Dharma. But the names of the sixteen Arhats are not listed. In addition, in the Western Jin Dynasty, Zhu fahu's translation of Maitreya Xiasheng Scripture (Yi Yun's lost translation) states: "the so-called four great voices, namely Da JIAYE bhikkhu, Jun tubotan bhikkhu, bin Toulu bhikkhu and Luo yunshang bhikkhu, are not like nirvana, but like nirvana. The lost translation of the Sutra of seliputra in the Eastern Jin Dynasty also said, "after my death, the four bhikkhs, mahagaya, bintoulu, juntubantan, and luoluoluo, lived in the Inner Mongolia and circulated my Dharma. According to the second volume of Sui Zhiyi's Chinese scriptures, it is said that "the four great Arhats of the Buddha's edict can not be destroyed, until we can destroy them.". So the abbot has not entered nirvana. However, Tang zhanran's interpretation of this article in the book of FA Hua Wen Ju Ji says, "the seventh chapter of the book of precious clouds, the 16th chapter of the book of Buddha, holds the Dharma, and only when the Buddha comes out can he enter and perish. The Scriptures all list places of residence, names and modes. Therefore, all saints vowed in front of the Buddha: we use divine power to protect the Sutra, not nirvana. Bintoulu and Luoyun are in the number of sixteen, but not yunjiaye. There are two translations of Baoyun Jing, one is the translation of Mandala immortal in Liang Dynasty, the other is the translation of Mandala immortal in Liang Dynasty. However, there is no general classical sentence of "faith, acceptance and practice" at the end of the seventh volume of the Sangha Brahma translation, or there is a lack of Scripture in the present version, which is difficult to verify. All the sixteen Arhats are based on Tang Xuanzang's translation of "Da arhan Nan Ti Mi duo Luo Suo Zhu Ji". Nantimidoro, yunqingyou, was born in Sri Lanka 800 years after the fall of Buddha.

It is said in the book of fazhuji that pindolabharadivaja, the first, lived in xiqutuoni island with his family of thousand Arhats; Kan akavatsa, the second, lived in northern kashmira with his family of five hundred Arhats; Kanaka bharadvaja, the third, lived in eastern kashmira with his family of six hundred Arhats The fourth one is suvinda, who lives in beigulu with his family members of 700 Arhats; the fifth one is nakula, who lives in nanjibu with his family members of 800 Arhats; the sixth one is Bhadra, who lives in Damo with his family members of 900 Arhats; the seventh one is karika, who lives with his family members of 1000 Arhats In sinhalatan, the eighth one is vajraputra, who lives in bociliao with more than one hundred Arhats of his family; the ninth one is svaka, who lives in Xiangzui mountain with more than nine hundred Arhats of his family; the tenth one is Panthaka, who lives for thirty-three days with more than three hundred Arhats of his family; the eleventh one is Rahula, They live in Quzhou, biliyang, with one thousand and one hundred Arhats of their own family; the twelfth one, nagaena, lives in guangbandubo mountain with one thousand and two hundred Arhats of their own family; the thirteenth one, lngata, lives in Guangwai mountain with one thousand and three hundred Arhats of their own family; the fourteenth one, vanav asin, lives in guangbandubo mountain with one thousand and four hundred Arhats of their own family They can live in the mountain; the 15th one, ajita, lives in Jiufeng Mountain with his family members of more than 500; the 16th one, CUDA Panthaka, lives in Zhizhou mountain with his family members of more than 600.

Since the translation of fazhuji, sixteen Arhats have been respected and praised by Buddhists. There are still two pieces of sutras written by the Tang people in Dunhuang, viz. Vajravadora the eighth and luohuluo the tenth, each with seven words and eight sentences (see the second part of Dunhuang zazhui). In addition, there is a book entitled "Ode to the knowledge of cause and effect of arhat at the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China", which says "translation of Tianzhu Samantha jaridoga" without remembering the time. There is a preface from Fan Zhong An of Song Dynasty: "during the Qingli period, he Xuanfu lived in binggu, Baode, and got it from the eaves of the hall, because he ordered the monks to record it separately in Chengtian Temple of Fu Prefecture. At the age of Wuzi (1048), there was huizhe, a Jiangling monk, who was named Pu Huan, a Wuling monk, for more than 30 years. In the book, it is recorded that each of the sixteen Arhats is a "causal insight" proved by the theory of morelot. There are seven songs for each of them, and there are one hundred and twelve songs for each. It was forged by the Han people in the Song Dynasty, which shows that the people worshiped the sixteen Arhats widely at that time. In "the Pearl forest in the secret hall", there are sixteen true paintings of the Tang Dynasty. The postscript of Jiang Kui in Song Dynasty is attached to the volume, which fully quotes this ode. It can be seen that this ode to knowledge of cause and effect was quite popular in Song Dynasty.

portrait

As for the images of the sixteen Arhats, there is a picture of the sixteen Arhats in the second volume of Xuanhe Huapu. It is difficult to determine whether he painted according to the Mahayana theory translated by Bei Liang Dao Tai or the Baoyun Sutra as Zhan ran said. However, we know that the worship of the sixteen Arhats was not common in the Buddhist circles at that time. After Tang Xuanzang translated FA Zhu Ji, he went to the middle of the Qianyuan Dynasty to make sixteen Arhats. Volume 2 of Xuan He Hua Pu records that he has many kinds of works of this kind, and there are also 48 pictures of sixteen Arhats in volume 10 of Wang Wei. In the Five Dynasties, there were more such paintings, such as Tao Shouli of the Southern Tang Dynasty (see the research on calligraphy and painting of Shigutang II), Wang qihan (see Xuanhe Huapu IV, Qinghe shuhuafang V, and secret hall Zhulin IX), Li Sheng of the former Shu (see Xuanhe Huapu), Zhang Xuan (see Xuanhe Huapu III, Qinghe shuhuafang V), and Wang daoqiu of Wuyue (see Shigutang Shuhua) In the past, Shu Guanxiu was the most famous (see Qinghe shuhuafang 5, nigulu and Shigutang shuhuakao 10), sun Zhiwei of Song Dynasty (see Qinghe shuhuafang 6), Li Gonglin (see coral net 23, Yanzhou four manuscripts 137, Shigutang shuhuakao 2, secret hall Zhulin 9 and 10, calligraphy and painting Jian) Shadow 2, baohualu 10, records of books and paintings collected by Pingjin Museum, Jiangcun calligraphy and painting catalogue, records of books and paintings collected by haogutang family, sanqiuge calligraphy and painting catalogue 2, Yan Bowen (see shugutang calligraphy and painting examination 2), Li Shize (see Shigutang calligraphy and painting examination 2), Liang Kai (see shuhuajianying 3), sun Bida (see secret hall Zhulin 9), and Buddhist monk rufan Long (see coral net 23, Yanzhou four manuscripts 137, Shigutang calligraphy and painting research 2, daguanlu 14, Jiangcun Xialu 1, chunxiage painting quatrains), yuepeng (see Shigutang calligraphy and painting research 2), hailun (see secret hall Zhulin 9, 10), Zhao Mengfu (see supplement to secret hall Zhulin 10) and Qian Xuan (see shengjinggu Gu Gu) Wu Wei of Ming Dynasty (see the second volume of the Pearl forest in the secret palace), Qiu Ying (see the fourth volume of the records of painting and calligraphy in guoyunlou, the first volume of the summer sales in Jiangcun, the third volume of the painting and calligraphy in Shengjing Palace Museum), Wu Bin (see the third volume of Shiqu Baoji) and Ding Yunpeng (see the second and third volumes of Shiqu Baoji) are all well-known works.

carving

As for the carving of the sixteen Arhats, the earliest one was made by Wu Yanshuang of Wu Yue State in Yanxia cave, Hangzhou, with two inside and four in front. Ten on the left wall. The carving techniques of these 16 statues are the same; the records of Wu Yanshuang's statue in Yanxia cave were recorded in Ruan Yuan's two Zhejiang gold and stone annals. Wu Yanshuang is the brother of Mrs. Wu, the wife of Qian Yuanyu, the king of Wu and Yue. In the Song Dynasty, a statue of monk and a statue of cloth bag monk were carved in this cave. The method is simple and crude, far less than the first 16 statues. It can be seen from the records of Xianchun Lin'an that "the original stone inscriptions of six Arhats, while the king of Wu and Yue carved twelve additional Arhats in his dream, becoming eighteen" all came from the affiliated Association.

From the above two aspects of painting and sculpture, the veneration of the sixteen Arhats developed from the Five Dynasties, especially in the south of the Yangtze River, and evolved from the sixteen Arhats to the eighteen Arhats.

name

It refers to the sixteen great Arhats who live in the world forever to protect the Dharma. According to the classics, the sixteen Arhats were instructed by the Buddha not to enter Nirvana, to live in the world, to be supported by the world, and to be a blessing for all living beings. This is a brief description of the name of the sixteen Arhats and the place where they were popularized, as recorded in the book of the great Arhats, which is translated by Xuanzang of Tang Dynasty

(1) Pindolabha ^ radvaja: most of them live in West qutuoni island with their family members, Qian arhan.

(2) Canogava

Chinese PinYin : Shi Liu Zun Zhe