tsuga chinensis

tsuga chinensis

This entry is compiled and applied by "popular science China" Science Encyclopedia

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Tsuga chinensis < / I (Franch.) Pritz. Var. < ichekiangensis < / I (flous) Cheng et L. K. Fu ）It is a variety of Tsuga in the family Pinaceae, with a height of 50 meters. The bark is dark dark gray, the big branches are flat, the branches are slightly drooping, and the crown is tower shaped. The winter buds are oval or spherical, and the leaves are strip-shaped, arranged in two rows. The back of the leaves has pink white stomata. The seed scales in the middle of the cones are often round, square wedge or wedge-shaped, short rectangular round, sparse nearly round or nearly square. There are oil spots on the lower surface of the seeds, which bloom in April and mature in October.

This species is endemic to China. It is distributed in Zhejiang, Huangshan, Anhui, Wuyishan, Fujian, Wugongshan, Jiangxi, Mangshan, Hunan, Ruyuan, Guangdong, Xing'an, Guangxi and Malipo, Yunnan, with an altitude of 600-2100m.

The plant of Tsuga chinensis var. mairei is tall, solid and water-resistant. It is suitable for building, furniture and other materials and has certain economic value.

(Overview) source: China Digital Science and Technology Museum

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morphological character

Evergreen tree, 25-30 m high, 40-80 cm DBH, big branches spreading, branches slightly drooping; bark grayish brown, flaky off; 1-year-old branches are thin, with a few hairs between leaf pillows; winter buds oval, no resin, bud scales persistent. Leaves spirally arranged, base twisted, arranged in two rows, linear, vascular bundle with a resin channel, 1.2-2.7 cm long, 2-2.5 mm wide, apex concave, upper midrib concave, lower along the middle and there is a white stomatal belt, a short stalk.

The male cones are solitary in leaf axils and pollens have no air sacs; the female cones are solitary in the top of lateral branches and the Pearl scales are larger than the bract scales. Cones pendulous, short stemmed, ovoid or long ovoid, 1.5-2.7 cm long, 1.2-1.6 cm in diameter, yellowish brown at maturity; seed scales wedge-shaped, wedge-shaped square, wedge-shaped oblong or suborbicular, thicker, margin thinner, slightly curved; bract scales small, not exposed, inverted triangular wedge-shaped or oblique square, upper margin denticulate, apex dichotomous; seeds with wings of the same species 7-9 mm long.

Growth environment

The distribution area of Tsuga chinensis var. mairei straddles the warm coniferous tree species from the middle subtropical zone to the North tropical zone. The climate is characterized by cool summer and cold winter, abundant rainfall, heavy clouds and heavy humidity. The annual average temperature is 11 ℃, the average temperature in January is - 1 ℃, the extreme minimum temperature is - 17c, the average temperature in July is 23 ℃, the extreme maximum temperature is 31 ℃, the annual precipitation is about 2000mm, and the average relative humidity is 85%. The parent material of the soil is fused tuff residue. The soil belongs to black red yellow soil with pH value of 5.4 and organic matter content of 8.27%.

It likes warm, cool and humid climate and deep and fertile acid soil, but it can grow normally on calcareous soil. Tsuga Tsuga var. mairei in Qingyan area of Guiyang, China, is mainly distributed on the barren and dry limestone mountain with an altitude of about 1410 meters. In some areas, a single tree grows on the cliff, and its roots are deeply embedded in the stone crevices. Most of the associated plants are shrubs, mainly including Vaccinium ovale, Lycium salicifolia, Rhamnus plicata, hypericum mume, tiezai, Berberis, etc. Most of the trees were destroyed by felling, and only Carpinus nobilis and a few Quercus glabra were found. These associated shrubs and trees are common species in limestone mountainous areas of Guizhou Province.

Distribution range

It is distributed in Huangshan in the south of Anhui Province, Lin'an in the northwest of Zhejiang Province and Longquan, Qingyuan, Suichang, Songyang, Jinyun and Xianju in the south, Chongan and Taining in the northwest of Fujian Province and Shanghang in the southwest, Qianshan in the northeast of Jiangxi Province and Anfu and Suichuan in the West, Ruyuan in the north of Guangdong Province, Xing'an and Dayaoshan in Guangxi Province, Lingxian, Xinning and Sangzhi in the East and south of Hunan Province, Guiyang and Yunzhi in the middle of Guizhou Province Maguan, Malipo and other places in the South and Southeast.

In Wuyishan area of Fujian Province, the altitude is 1600-1800 m, with a concentrated distribution. It likes warm, cool and humid climate and deep and fertile acid soil, but it can also grow normally on calcareous soil.

Sowing and seedling raising

Selection and treatment of nursery land: Tsuga chinensis var. mairei is a deep rooted tree species, which is shade tolerant at seedling stage and needs sunshine when it grows up. The sandy loam with deep and fertile soil layer, sufficient water source and good drainage should be selected for the nursery, especially the farmland near the foot of the mountain. In early winter, deep plowing should be carried out in the nursery, and two plows and two harrows should be used before sowing. 100 kg of imported compound fertilizer and 50 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer were applied as base fertilizer per mu. The bed is 1.2m wide, 25-30cm high and 30cm wide. Open drainage ditch around, shallow in the ditch and deep in the side ditch, so that the rain stops and there is no water in the ditch. 7 days before sowing, chemical weeding on the plot was carried out, and 50% acetochlor was added to the plot. The amount of water was evenly sprayed with 400g per acre, and it should not be repeated. The period of validity is about 2 months.

Seed germination and sowing: the cones of Tsuga chinensis var. mairei mature in the last ten days. When the fruit changes from green to brown, the seeds mature and should be harvested in time. The branches can be shaken to make them fall or knocked down with a long bamboo pole. Spread it in half shade, turn it twice a day. After a few days, the seeds fall off. After impurity removal, it is ventilated and dried in the shade for two days, and stored in cold storage. The storage temperature was 5 ℃.

The seed coat of Tsuga chinensis var. mairei is hard and impermeable, so it should be treated with seed germination before sowing. Generally, plant ash is used to soak seeds for 2 days, then warm water is used to soak seeds for 7 days, and then wet sand is used to promote germination. Attention in the process of stratification germination, to often turn the seeds, otherwise it will cause rotten seeds.

The sowing time should be from late February to early March, and the method of furrow drilling should be adopted. The furrow distance is 30 cm and the furrow depth is 3-4 cm. Cover with 0.5-1cm soil. After watering, cover with thin straw to keep the temperature and humidity of the soil. After sowing, it is necessary to strengthen the field management of nursery, and timely do a good job of ditch cleaning and drainage in rainy days and watering and moisturizing in dry weather. Generally, seeds can germinate within 40 days, with germination rate of more than 15%.

cultivation techniques

Seedling management: after the southern hemlock seedlings are unearthed, they need shade, and can be erected around the seedbed, about 1 meter high. The seedbed is in the north-south direction, the shed top is set horizontally, the east-west direction is low in the South and high in the north, covered with bamboo curtain, grass curtain and sunscreen net, and the light transmittance is about 50%. In overcast days, the cover should be put away at night. Generally, there is no shade at the end of September.

The seedlings of Tsuga negundo grow slowly in the early growth stage, so weeding, soil loosening and proper fertilization should be done in time. Only 0.5% urea should be applied once a half month per mu, and the ditch should be cleaned and drained in plum rain season.

The peak growth period is from early June to late September. At this time, the temperature is high and the seedlings grow fast. In sunny days, we should pay attention to timely watering and moisturizing, and do a good job in weeding. After each weeding, we should timely water, and topdressing compound fertilizer, plant ash, etc.

When the seedlings enter the late growth stage (from mid September to November), fertilization should be stopped. In late September, 0.3% - 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution can be sprayed once to promote the lignification of seedlings, so as to survive the winter safely.

Pest control

It can be controlled by 600 times of 50% carbendazim WP or 800 times of 70% thiophanate methyl WP. For some leaf eating insects. Control with 50% dimethoate EC 1200-1500 times.

Main value

It is a unique tertiary relic tree species in the middle subtropics of China. It is tall, solid and water-resistant. It is suitable for building, furniture and other materials, and has certain economic and scientific research value.

Protection level

Nature reserves have been established in Wuyishan, Fujian, Fengyangshan, Jiulongshan, Mangshan, Hunan and Maoershan, Guangxi. In other distribution areas, it is suggested that the local forestry department should take measures to protect the mother trees, promote regeneration, and breed and cultivate them.

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