Eaves column

Eaves column

This entry is compiled and applied by "popular science China" Science Encyclopedia

to examine

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Eaves column is the outermost column supporting eaves under the eaves of wood structure building, also known as outer column. The eaves columns are on the front and back eaves of the building.

Eaves column is the name of Qing style architecture, also known as sub step column in Song Dynasty. In the pavilion building, the upper and lower eaves columns are called upper and lower eaves columns respectively.

Item overview

Eaves column is a kind of building component, which is the outermost column under eaves. In song and Liao dynasties, the eaves and columns were raised one by one from the middle to the two sides, making the eaves in a gentle curve, which was called "Shengqi". This method was not used in Han and southern and Northern Dynasties, but was not used in Qing Dynasty. In song and Liao dynasties, the eaves and columns incline to a certain extent in the front and back eaves, the mountain surface also inclines to the inside, and the corner columns incline in both aspects, which is called "side feet" to make the building have a better sense of stability. This kind of practice was still kept in Yuan Dynasty, but was not used in the middle of Ming Dynasty.

The column used to support the eaves of the roof is called the lifting eaves column. It is mostly used in buildings with double eaves or double eaves with flat seats to support long eaves and corner beams. The section of the column is divided into round and square, usually square, and the diameter of the column is small. The eaves column is combined with other connecting components, such as Fang, eaves column, Chinese plate, railings, etc., and has the function of decoration.

False eaves column is a kind of additional eaves column, which is specially used on both sides of the outer corner of the corner room. The width of the two sides of the outer corner of the corner room is larger than that of the other two rooms. The height of the false eaves column is higher than that of the common eaves column. If the beam head is replaced, its height is the same as other eaves columns.

Measurement and valuation

As shown in the figure on the right, it is the structural diagram of the eaves column.

The quantity of eaves column is measured from the top stone (or pier bucket) to the lower skin of beam, plate brace or purlin, and the quantity of the buried part of the top is calculated in cubic meters according to the actual length multiplied by the volume of the maximum cross-sectional area.

The norms for the fabrication and hoisting of eaves columns are based on the specifications and volume of the columns (the diameter of columns is less than 20cm, 25cm, 30cm and more than 30cm). The quantities of the fabrication and hoisting of eaves columns are calculated in cubic meters according to the specifications and volume of the columns.

The corresponding quota items of production and installation are applied respectively.

There are many types of eaves columns. The following will describe the measurement and pricing of square eaves column, secondary eaves column, single eaves column and hall eaves column in detail.

The measurement and valuation of square pillar

Under the four corner eaves of the upper eaves of the city tower, its cross section is square, which is used to support the load of the eaves corner of the layer. It is called square eaves pillar in Ming Dynasty.

The quantities of fabrication, hoisting and dismantling of square pillar are measured in cubic meters according to its construction volume. The cross-sectional area is subject to the bottom area in contact with the column foundation or pier bucket, and the column height is from the upper surface of the column foundation or pier bucket to the lower surface of the purlin as shown in the figure.

The norms of making, lifting and dismantling of square pillar are set according to its construction specifications (column diameter: within 20cm, within 25cm and beyond 25cm). The norms of making, lifting and dismantling of square pillar are applied according to its construction specifications and volume.

Measurement and valuation of secondary step eaves column

According to the shape of the column, it can be divided into two types: round sub step straight eaves column and shuttle sub step eaves column. The shuttle sub step eaves column is a column with harvest, and the column body is divided into upper, middle and lower sections. The upper section has harvest and kill, and the middle and lower sections are straight columns. The Ming and Qing Dynasties style is called Double eaves gold pillar, and the Song Dynasty style is called sub step eaves pillar.

The quantities of fabrication, hoisting and dismantling of auxiliary step eaves are measured in cubic meters according to the construction volume. The cross-sectional area is based on the largest diameter in the column as shown in the figure, and the column height is from the column base or the upper part to the lower part of the columella as shown in the figure.

The norms for the fabrication, hoisting and dismantling of the auxiliary step eaves column shall be set according to the construction specifications (column type: round straight column and shuttle column; column diameter: within 63cm, 70cm, 75cm, 80cm and beyond). The norms for the fabrication, hoisting and dismantling of the auxiliary step eaves column shall be applied according to the construction specifications and volume.

Measurement and valuation of single eaves column

According to its column shape, it can be divided into two types: round straight eaves column and shuttle shaped single eaves column. The shuttle shaped single eaves column is a column with harvest and harvest. The column body is divided into upper, middle and lower sections. The upper section has harvest and kill, and the middle and lower sections are straight columns. The Ming and Qing Dynasties style is called eaves pillar, and the Song Dynasty style is called single eaves pillar.

The production, hoisting and dismantling quantities of single eaves column are measured in cubic meters according to its construction volume. The cross-sectional area is subject to the maximum diameter as shown in the figure, and the column height is from the base of the column or the epithelium of the groove to the hypoderm of the bucket as shown in the figure.

The quota of single eaves column fabrication, hoisting and dismantling is set according to its construction specifications (column type: round straight column and shuttle column; column height: within 4m, 4-7m and above 7m; column diameter: within 35cm, 40cm, 45cm, 50cm, 55cm, 60cm, 65cm, 70cm and beyond). The fabrication, hoisting and dismantling of single eaves column are set according to its construction specifications and volume, Apply (song) single eaves column production, lifting, demolition quota corresponding projects.

The measurement and valuation of the eaves column of the hall

According to its different shapes, it can be divided into two types: the round vertical eaves column and the shuttle shaped eaves column. The shuttle shaped eaves column is a column with harvest and kill, and the column body is divided into upper, middle and lower sections. The upper section has harvest and kill, and the middle and lower sections are straight columns. In Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was called outer pillar or old pillar, while in Song Dynasty, it was called Temple body pillar.

The quantities of the fabrication, hoisting and dismantling of the eaves columns of the hall body are measured in cubic meters according to the construction volume. The cross-sectional area is based on the largest diameter in the column as shown in the figure, and the column height is from the column base or groove epithelium to the lower part of the bucket as shown in the figure.

The norm of making, hoisting and dismantling of the eaves column of the hall body is set according to its construction specifications (column type: round, straight and shuttle shaped; column diameter: within 45cm, 50cm, 55cm, 60cm, 70cm and beyond). The eaves column of the hall body is respectively applied to the corresponding items of the norm of making, hoisting and dismantling of the eaves column of the hall body in Song Dynasty according to its construction specifications and volume.

size

Column height and diameter of eaves column

The height and thickness of eaves column are related to the balanced proportion of a house and the aesthetic feeling of imbalance. The determination of eaves column size is different in song and Qing Dynasties.

(1) The size of eaves column in Tang and Song Dynasties

The Song Dynasty's "Jianzao fashi" only describes the column height as "if it is a gallery house with auxiliary steps, although the lower eaves column is long, it does not exceed the width of the room", and does not involve the specific height value. However, from the data shown in the right figure, we can see that we generally follow the principle of "the height does not exceed the width" and grasp it flexibly.

For the diameter of the column, the fifth volume of "creating a French style"

"If the pillars are used in the hall, they are two to three in diameter; if the pillars are used in the hall, they are two in diameter and one in diameter; if the pillars are used in the other room, they are one in diameter and one in diameter. If the interior columns of the hall and other rooms are all set according to the lifting trend, the lower eaves column is "then".

That is to say, according to the size of the house, it can be divided into thickness. If the timber is converted into "number of shares" (one timber = 15, one frame = 6), the number of rooms is 42-45, the number of halls is 36, and the number of other rooms is 21-30. The height of the columns in the hall should be based on the height of the eaves columns.

However, the outermost row of eaves columns in the Tang and Song dynasties were not equal in height. They were based on the two eaves columns between the heart (called flat columns) and gradually increased a distance to the corner columns. In the Song Dynasty, they were called "Shengqi", which is described in volume V of "building a French style"

"When it comes to the angle, the angle column will be created with the number of intervals. If there are thirteen halls, the corner pillars are one foot and two inches higher than the flat pillars; eleven halls are one foot higher, nine halls are eight inches higher, seven halls are six inches higher, five halls are four inches higher, and three halls are two inches higher. ".

That is, pay attention to the column height, from the second, the tip, to each room, each room is 2 inches high.

In the construction law, the eaves column is called "porch column". Generally, there is no strict requirement. The height of the porch column in the hall is calculated by 20% of the main Bay, and the height of the porch column in the hall can be calculated by the width of the main Bay. The perimeter of the porch column is about 0.16-0.2 times of the main Bay.

(2) The size of eaves column in Ming and Qing Dynasties

There are two ways to determine the height of eaves column in the code of engineering practice of the Qing Dynasty: according to the mouth and according to the surface width.

① Big architecture with chess

From the base of the column to the top of Dou Qi, the height is set at 70 Dou Kou, such as nine purlin single eaves with Dou Qi veranda

"The height of every eaves column is determined by 70 parts of the bucket mouth. Such as Doukou two inch five minutes, the eaves column even flat Fang Douqi, through the height of seven feet five inches. In addition to the height of flat Fang Dou Qi, that is, the net height of eaves column size. For example, the flat Fang is five inches high, the douke is two feet eight inches high, and the eaves column is four feet two inches high. The net height of the eaves column is 56.8 Doukou. The diameter of the eaves column is one foot and five inches if the diameter of the eaves column is two inches and five minutes.

The height of the 70 notches includes the height of the flat square and the height of the fighting chess (from the bottom of the bucket to the bottom of the cornice truss). The height of the flat square is fixed to 2 notches (5 inches), but the height of the fighting chess varies with the number of cocks used (generally divided into five kinds of fighting chess: single cocks, heavy cocks, single cocks, single cocks, heavy cocks, heavy cocks and so on). If they are all calculated according to the 2.5-inch materials, the net height of the eaves column is shown in the right figure (see the single cocks in the table) I'm sorry.

It can be seen from the table that the average net height of eaves column is 58 Doukou. In order to reduce the calculation trouble of different Douqi, Professor Liang Sicheng suggested that the net height of eaves column of buildings with Douqi should be 60 Doukou and the column diameter should be 6 Doukou.

② Without fighting chess and small moves

Chinese PinYin : Yan Zhu