Fangshan

Fangshan

Fangshan is located in the Science Park of Jiangning District, Nanjing City, covering an area of 8.6 square kilometers, close to Jiangning University City and high tech enterprise zone. From a distance, Fangshan is a not too high Pingdingshan (about 208 meters above sea level). From a distance, it looks like Fangyin, which was called Yinshan in ancient times. Although Fangshan is not high, it is still tall and straight because it is located on the plain.

Geological characteristics

The lower part around Fangshan is distributed with brick red sandstone of Upper Cretaceous Chishan formation and gravel of middle tertiary dongxuanguan formation, forming gentle slope. The dongxuanguan formation is covered with basalt and pyroclastic rocks of the Fangshan formation of the Pliocene.

According to the stratification of basalt and pyroclastic rocks in Fangshan formation and the relationship between them, the volcanic eruption in Fangshan formation can be divided into two stages. The first eruption period was overflow, forming a set of dense olivine basalt and stomatal basalt. After the eruption stopped, a set of volcanic clastic sedimentary rocks were accumulated. The second eruption period is overflow explosion overflow, forming a set of basaltic agglomerates, fine-grained olivine basalt and fine-grained stomatal olivine basalt. In addition to the basaltic rocks in the second eruption period mentioned above, the late dolostones and basalts intruded along volcanic channels or primary fissures, forming rock necks and dikes, ending the eruption.

Fangshan is one of the famous dead volcanoes in Nanjing. The slope of the base of the mountain is gentle, the upper part of the mountain is surrounded by cliffs and gullies. During Pliocene, about 3 million to 10 million years ago, Fangshan had two volcanic eruptions, and the magma cooled and solidified to form the mountain. The mountain is covered by two layers of basalt, and the lower layer is covered by the tertiary middle gravel layer, with a thickness of about 54 meters. This is the first eruption of basalt. On the other hand, it is covered by a layer of basalt, which is accumulated during the second eruption. There has been no eruption since.

Human history

It is said that during the reign of emperor yuan of the Jin Dynasty, the common people in Nanjing fought lawsuits everywhere because the senior official Zhang Tingwei built the gate privately and occupied the houses. Later, they heard that another tall official he Sikong was out of the city, so they ran to Fangshan to stop him and complain. Zhang Tingwei was so scared that he quickly removed the gate and went to Fangshan to plead guilty in person. After the death of emperor Cheng of Jin Dynasty, Ruan Yu, a famous scholar, went to Jinjing of Kuaiji for a thousand li funeral. He did not see any celebrities in the capital. When he was finished, he went back to his home. All the people chased him to Fangshan and returned. Both of these events are recorded in Shi Shuo Xin Yu, so fangshanjin is the only way to get in and out of the capital in the southeast, opposite to the famous shitoujin in the north and south. Wang Biaozhi and Xie Lingyun also have Fangshan farewell poems as evidence: Farewell Poems with brothers Fangshan, Jin. Wang Biaozhi's fat car always runs round. It's a boat ride. Silk Dyed with ink. Lu Qiyang mourns. In the Song Dynasty, Xie Lingyun only served in the Imperial City, and he was expected to rest in Ouyue. Let go of the cable and tide, nostalgia can not be made. Analysis on the decline of forest, bright autumn moon. It's easy to be rich with affection, but hard to stop with things. There is no place for the lack of desire. If you live in seclusion forever, don't you say goodbye. The new aspirations of each mianri, the sound of the dust comfort silent contempt. Xie Lingyun went to be the governor of Yongjia. His Yongjia landscape poetry is a great turn of Chinese poetry style. "Analysis on the decline of the forest, bright autumn moon" two sentences have seen the end of the landscape. When there were more people in the past, the wonder of Fangshan was noticed, and the people of the Six Dynasties loved the seclusion of mountains, rivers and springs.

At the end of the yuan and Jia dynasties, he Shangzhi was ordered by the Shangshu to live in Fangshan after his retirement. He also wrote "Tui Ju Fu" to show his ambition. He Shangzhi is a famous Buddhist. Since then, during Emperor Xiaowu's reign, another eminent monk explained FA Yuanlu to Fangshan and annotated Shengli and Weimi Zhijing. This is the earliest evidence of the relationship between Fang Shan and Buddhism. Fangshan is so good, so the emperor also came to join in the fun. Emperor Qi Wu dreamed of leaving the palace here. Great poets Wang Rong and Shen Yue all have poems about "waiting to visit Fangshan to answer the imperial edict". It is estimated that they have something to do with this: waiting to visit Fangshan to answer the imperial edict, Wang Rong toured around to watch the new year and drank in linqiu county. Sun feather mirror frost Xun, cloud flag falling wind Dian. Four Ying Liang in the eyes, eight Yu Wan as seen. Xiao Chen steals from Jia and is expected to serve Bai Liangchen. When he visited Fangshan, Shen Yue answered the imperial edict. In the Qing and Han Dynasties, the night was bright and the sun was clear. Singing in the sun, the pool is built in the morning and night. Gold floating like water, towering Zhao mountain only. A touch of jiuxiao dew, chenhuo eventually know. Later, Zhu Hongwu, in his later years, also moved Fangshan's mind. "He ordered the Hubu to go outside the Zhengyang gate, five li away from Banqiao, from Niushou mountain to Fangshan, and to the west of Heya to Shanglin garden. The Hubu wanted to go in and stop the business." The prosperity of Fangshan is closely related to the status of Nanjing.

After unifying the north and the south, Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty did two bad things to Nanjing. One is that Taicheng was converted into farmland in the Six Dynasties. Fortunately, the imperial palace that no one lived in would eventually be abandoned, and the common people could have two more bricks and tiles to build houses. The other thing is the real "flower destroying by hand", which means that Nanjing is abandoned. From then on, Nanjing seems to have been singled out, cutting off the close ties with the hinterland of the three Wu dynasties, and its martial arts are exhausted. Later, the Southern Tang Dynasty was founded. Because Taihu Lake was basically controlled by Wuyue, the southeast waterway was still blocked.

In the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, Jin Wushu suffered a great loss for this. When he returned from Jiangnan with a fleet full of goods, he had to make a detour around Zhenjiang. As a result, he was trapped in Huang tiandang, which was full of reeds and harbors. Han Shizhong almost made dumplings. By Zhu Yuanzhang's time, pogangdu could not be restored, so he had to open another yanzhihe River in Lishui to solve the traffic problem with southern Jiangsu. After the Six Dynasties, although the importance of Fangshan declined, it was still the only way to the south. Fangshan was involved in the war for many times because of its traffic.

At the end of the Han Dynasty, sun ceding fought the first hard battle in Nanjing's moling city. He not only won the lottery, but also failed to capture the city. His main opponent, Zuo Rong, was not only good at fighting, but also the first Buddhist in Nanjing. At that time, moling county was in moling pass to the west of Fangshan Mountain. According to the folklore, zorong was chased to Fangshan Mountain by sun CE, and then he fell down and died, leaving the place name of zorong down Majian. In fact, sun CE had no choice but to bypass moling and go straight to qu'a, the hometown of Zurong's boss Liu Yao. Zuo Rong later fell out with his boss Liu Yao and died of internal strife. Fangshan's name really appeared in the history of war. It was in the Liu Song period that Liu Shao, who killed Lao Tzu and Emperor Wen of Song Dynasty, ordered to break down fangshandai and prevent the eastern army from entering Jiankang in order to resist the attack of his younger brother Liu Jun (later emperor Xiaowu). At the end of the Liang Dynasty, the Northern Qi army also bypassed Fangshan and attacked Jiankang from the south. There is also a yuewangtai site in Fangshan. Yue Fei did pass by Fangshan when he withdrew Guangde from Jiankang to fight a guerrilla.

The most military sites left in Fangshan are also the underground fortifications of the national army in the early days of the Anti Japanese War, which were cast with concrete. Some of the entrances and exits are open-door, with the top covered with soil and planted with vegetation, and the doors and exterior walls are painted with pine trees. The interior is spacious, up to two or three meters high; some are shaft type, more hidden, with two sides of steps for going up and down; underground works are connected with tunnels, which are unfathomable. At that time, the positions to defend Nanjing were located in Jiangning Town, NIUSHOUSHAN, Fangshan, Chunhua Town, Tangshan and Longtan, forming a southeast arc, which was composed of permanent reinforced concrete fortifications, barbed wire, anti combat vehicle trenches, etc. Fangshan area is particularly strong. Most of the entrances and exits of underground fortifications are located at the end of the hillside. They are high and low with their backs on the cliff, so they are easy to defend and difficult to attack.

During the Nanjing defense war in December 1937, Yu Jishi's 74 army was in charge of NIUSHOUSHAN, Fangshan and Chunhua. Taking Qinhuai River as the boundary, Fangshan and Chunhua garrison is Wang Yaowu's 51st division, and NIUSHOUSHAN garrison is Feng Shengfa's 58th division. In Fangshan is Cheng Zhi, head of the 302 regiment of the 51st division. The defense area of the 51st division, especially Chunhua, was a key area for Japanese attack. According to the evaluation of the Japanese troops participating in the war, the fortifications in Chunhua area are extremely solid, but the troops are very few. Nevertheless, the Japanese troops are still "constantly injured and killed, and it is very difficult to advance in the end.". At that time, Chunhua's garrison was only the 301 regiment, but it was the three regiments and mechanized units of the 9th division of yoshizuki that fought in a three-dimensional coordinated operation of infantry, artillery, tanks, engineers and aircraft. During the bloody battle of the 301 regiment for three days, more than 1400 people died and died under the commander Ji Hongru. He did not step back. Later, because of the loss of Tangshui (today's Tangshan), he was forced to retreat. Fangshan is in the west of Chunhua. The enemy is the aolvtuan (128 brigade) of the 114th division of the Japanese army. Major general aolvtuan advanced to the northeast of Fangshan and then turned back to the main force of the division on the West Bank of the Qinhuai River. He never dared to attack directly. A few days later, Cheng Zhi was killed in the battle to recover Saigong bridge (now Saihong bridge) in the southwest of Nanjing city. The 51st division suffered a total of more than 7800 casualties in the Nanjing defense war. One of the four commanders was killed and three were injured. Among them, Zhang lingfu, commander of the 35th regiment, was seriously injured in the battle of supporting Chunhua, and Qiu Weida, commander of the 36th regiment, was injured on the wall west of Zhonghua Gate. (I'd like to say a few more words, because there are still two days to go before the 70th anniversary of the National People's Congress in 2007.)

Fangshan is also a famous religious mountain, which has been developed by Buddhism and Taoism for thousands of years. Taoism, in particular, has a special position because Ge Xuan, the founder of Taoism, first created the concept of Dongxuan in Shannan, and Ge Hong later became a hermit here. In the sixth year of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty, Qiyan temple was merged with Fangshan cave Xuanguan temple, which expanded its scale. In the Song Dynasty, Yang Xiu wrote the poem "dongxuanguan": "Ge Xuangong has been on the road for three thousand years, and in the daytime, he has been on the blue sky. Only when the old altar is still there, can the later generations believe that there are immortals. " In the Ming Dynasty, Dongxuan temple was under the jurisdiction of Chaotian Palace. In the 12th year of Zhengtong, it was granted a Taoist collection. It was abolished in the Republic of China and is one of the oldest Taoist temples in China. In addition, on Fangshan there is the Baohua palace built by the emperor of the Southern Tang Dynasty for his mother, which was moved to the South Gate of the city in the Southern Song Dynasty. Fangshan temple is another part of Fangshan

Chinese PinYin : Fang Shan