Water channel

Water channel

The water channel is a water conservancy system which is constructed artificially to irrigate farmland, and also has the function of flood discharge.

term

source of water

Rain, streams, rivers, mountain streams, Tianquan, etc.

Water intake

The relative height difference between the inlet of the water source or the outlet of the channel head and the irrigation area should be large.

Dam

Also known as zhenshou, damming water in rivers aims to raise the water level and form a drop. The siphon principle is used to lead out the water.

A gate is provided at the end of a channel or channel to introduce water into the channel.

sluice gate

The earliest design of the gate was mostly made of wood, and the structure between the gates was made of brick and stone.

Shenzhen Road

It is the channel of water flow. After taking water from the head of the canal, the waterway is divided into two types: channel and penstock.

channel

It is also divided into open channel, culvert, aqueduct, tunnel and part of full pipe waterway. Open channel refers to the open water surface; aqueduct refers to a water supply bridge, which is called aqueduct, when the water channel meets the river or graben and other terrain; tunnel refers to when the water channel meets the mountain obstruction and can not bypass, so it will dig a tunnel to let the water pass.

Pressure piping

It belongs to full flow pipe.

Adjustment pool

The canal water used for storing livestock to stop irrigation at night and the river water used in rainy season can not only avoid the waste of water resources, but also play the role of regulating the use of water resources.

Dividing Basin

It refers to the pool where the branch line divides the water from the main line. Such a water distribution project is called water diversion project, also known as shuibiantou. It can be divided into two types: one is the pipe passing through the channel embankment to divert water from the main channel; the other is the setting of gates to adjust the water consumption of tributaries by using the lifting of multiple water diversion gates.

Water drop

When stones blocking water flow are placed in the channel, or the channel is made into a ladder shape to prevent water flow from flowing from the channel head, the channel head and channel will be eroded due to the large drop.

type

Dendrite system

It is like the trunk and branches of a tree. It starts from the head of the water channel. The upstream is the trunk and the downstream is the branch. It is mainly distributed in the vast plain area, such as Babao channel.

Radial aqueduct system

It is usually located around an independent hill or an alluvial fan at the mouth of a river, and irrigates from a higher water source to a lower part of the hill. The excavation of the channel naturally forms a radial shape around the canal, such as the water channel system of Qixing mountain.

Pinnate aqueduct system

The digging of the index channel is distributed along both sides of the river, and the shape is like a feather. The formation of this channel system is mainly to irrigate the long and narrow valley terraces in the upper reaches of the river, and most of them are short, small and dense, which can only be self-sufficient.

Flat channel system

It is formed by the topography of the platform. Because of the high topography of the platform, it is not easy to divert water, so after the water is diverted from the high altitude of the platform, it will first cross the main trunk road at the inclined high altitude of the platform. In the low and flat areas irrigated by diversion, it is usually arranged in parallel, such as the Shimen canal system.

Broken end canal system

Its water source is the surface runoff, and there is no dam (channel head), but it directly intercepts the runoff when it rains at the downhill. Therefore, the channel is divided into sections, each of which is a broken end channel, and a large reservoir is built at the end of the channel, which is used for drainage and irrigation in drought.

Historical site

Ancient waterways of Ming and Qing dynasties at the mouth of Fengkai River, Guangdong Province

The cultural relics investigation team of Fengkai County, Guangdong Province discovered an ancient water channel in the Ming and Qing dynasties at beijishan depression, Liuzhu village, Jiangkou Town. The channel is 30-80 cm wide and 20-50 cm deep. It is excavated by hand without masonry. This water channel divides the water from the inaccessible Daban duchong lake. The water flows from Chongwei to the side of Hejiang River by bypassing several hills. Then it flows along the hillside of Hejiang River to Xintian village at the foot of the mountain, with a drop of about 10 meters. Shenzhen water has irrigated more than 200 mu of good farmland in Xintian, hanyao and Zhuyuan villages at the foot of the mountain for many years. According to local villagers, the canal has a long history and has been handed down by ancestors for hundreds of years. At the outlet of the spring, we can see the stone strips used for building the pool. Although these stone strips have been honed by years, they still retain some of the characteristics of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. This ancient canal has a beautiful legend: it is said that a long time ago, a couple in a village at the foot of the mountain wanted to dig a canal from the mountain to irrigate their crops with spring water. The couple searched for water in the mountains, and then dug a canal in dadaidu to drain the water to the foot of the mountain. However, because of the high mountains and long roads, the project is arduous and slow. One day, the husband went home to cook, and the wife continued to dig soil to repair the ditch. When her husband took food to the construction site, he met a hungry old man on the way. When the old man saw the food, he asked for alms. The husband was compassionate and shared half of the meal with the old man.

When she came to the construction site, her wife saw that her husband had brought little food. When she learned that her husband had shared half of the food with the old man, the hungry and tired wife was angry and said, "why don't you give him all the food!". The old man used to be an immortal. After hearing the woman's words, he thought that she really wanted to give her all the food. Moved to say: "virtuous and virtuous, a big canal water to the field.". So they drew a line where they built the canal. So along the line drawn by the immortal, it becomes a clear water channel, which is the immortal channel. Another magical phenomenon of Shenxian river is that the Bank of the river only collapses to the side of the mountain, while the Bank of the river near he river never collapses. So the villagers call this phenomenon "collapse in but not collapse out".

This canal is an important witness of the ancient people building water conservancy and improving the environment without modern scientific and technological measurement tools, and has high scientific research value for the study of the local ancient water conservancy facilities.

Shuizhen, Hongcun, Huangshan, Anhui

Shuizhen was built in the Yongle period of Ming Dynasty (1403-1423 A.D.), which has a history of more than 500 years, with a total length of more than 1200 meters. It bypasses every household and has been clear for many years. The ancestors of Hongcun people are very good at making use of natural stream water. They built a stone dam on the Wuxi River, the first river in Hongcun, and built a man-made canal several meters wide with stones. They used the terrain difference to bring a clear water into the village. The water flows into the South Lake, out of the South Lake, irrigates the farmland, irrigates the fruit trees, and flows into Suixi again. It moistens and cools the whole village, makes the quiet mountain village dynamic, and creates a good environment of "the road is far away, and there is a spring in front of the house". This artificial water system enriches the village landscape, which is harmonious, changeable and full of aura, and has six functions. The first is fire prevention; the second is to adjust the microclimate, improve the temperature and humidity, purify the air and beautify the environment; the third is drinking; the fourth is washing; the fifth is irrigation; the sixth is power generation.

There are numerous small canals along the water channel. It is very convenient for people to wash clothes, water flowers and irrigate gardens. It is the "tap water" of ancient villages. In those days, villagers drank and washed in "Niuchang". Wang's ancestors once made the rule that the water in "Niuchang" was drinking water before 8 o'clock every morning. After 8 o'clock, villagers could wash here. What's more wonderful is that the water level of Niuchang, no matter whether it's sunny or rainy, is always kept at a certain height, that is, the water level is always a little lower than that of Xiaoqiao, which is very strange.

The establishment of water system truly embodies the people-oriented and the unity of man and nature. lead

Chengkan Shuizhen, Anhui Province

The Shiba in the north of the village and the Jiahe two dams in the south of the village are the successful actions of some tycoons of the chengkanluo family who use theory to control water and transform nature. During the Hongzhi period of Ming Dynasty, the village was paved with granite slabs. The drainage and drinking facilities of the whole village were not only reasonable, but also integrated the structural beauty and environmental beauty, and vividly conveyed the traditional cultural connotation. It was "gathering water is like gathering wealth, taking four rivers into the village" and then flowed endlessly to show the prosperous financial resources, saving and flowing. From the perspective of clan reproduction, it showed the source is far away The flow is long and the mouth is flowing.

There is a saying in Chengkan: "there is a river in front, a ditch in the middle and a ditch behind.". The river is from the river. There are ten thousand dykes on both sides to protect villages and farmland. The middle channel guides Zhongchuan river through ancestral halls, through houses, from street to house, and finally flows into Zhongchuan river. The water channel not only provides water for villagers, but also has the functions of fire control, drainage, flood discharge irrigation, providing power and beauty for the water wheel, improving the microclimate of houses and villages. It is known as the ancient tap water. The back ditch refers to the Shikeng water, which flows along the back street and finally into the middle channel. Water is the source of life, so Chengkan Village is full of vitality and prosperity.

Address: Hong Village, Yi County, Huangshan City

Longitude: 117.99143981934

Latitude: 30.000699996948

Ticket information: no ticket required. Hongcun tickets have been included.

Chinese PinYin : Shui Zhen