Yongding Tulou

Yongding Tulou

Yongding Tulou, also known as Tongzilou. Located in Yongding District, Longyan City, Fujian Province, the southeast coast of China, fuxinlou is the oldest existing Tulou in Fujian Province. It is located in Xiazhai village, Hulei town. Built in 769 ad, it has a history of more than 1200 years. It is the oldest Tulou in Fujian.

There are many kinds of earth buildings in Yongding, including square building and round building. Yongding is known as a Chinese Hakka Tulou museum without a gate. Among the numerous earth buildings, the most representative are Wufeng building, large square building and round building.

In July 2008, it was listed in the world heritage list. In August 2011, it won the title of national 5A scenic spot.

In January 2016, it was selected as "national advanced unit of civilized tourism".

Yongding Tulou used to be the shooting site of the "Ming Li" part of the public service advertisement "chopsticks" of CCTV Spring Festival Gala.

Human history

summary

It is said that from the foundation breaking in Chongzhen period of Ming Dynasty to the completion in Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty, Fujian Tulou king, Chengqi building has been built for three generations and has been read for half a century. It has a huge scale, unique shape, antique flavor and rich local flavor. "Four stories high, four circles, four hundred rooms up and down; circle in circle, ring in ring, after three hundred years of vicissitudes" Chengqi building with its tall, heavy, rugged, majestic architectural style and elegant garden and courtyard plastic art, combined with the poetic charm of the mountain, let countless visitors Marvel, Shenzhen Splendid China has Chengqi building model. In 1981, it was included in the dictionary of Chinese scenic spots, known as the "king of Tulou". It competed with the temple of heaven in Beijing, Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes and other Chinese scenic spots. In 1986, China's Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications issued a series of Chinese residential stamps. Among them, Fujian residential stamps were designed with Chengqi building, which was rated as the best stamp of the year in Japan. Wang Xinjian, a poet, wrote the poem "Yongding Tulou", praising: "Haixi is looking for good tea and walking with a staff in Qingchuan. The ancient village is like a tiger perched in a high hall. Poetry and ritual, heaven and earth village, farming and reading concentric circles. In the story of dogs and chickens, Yu Qingyong has a long history. "

Yongding Tulou is located in Longyan, Fujian Province, on the southeast coast of China

The city is a unique magical mountain residential building in the world and a gorgeous flower of ancient Chinese architecture. In July 2008, it was listed in the world heritage list. It has a long history, unique style, large scale and exquisite structure. There are two kinds of Tulou: square and round. There are 360 famous round buildings and more than 4000 famous square buildings in Longyan area. In 1995, its architectural model and the temple of heaven in Beijing, as representatives of China's north-south circular architecture, participated in the Los Angeles World Architecture Exhibition, which caused a sensation and was known as the "Pearl of oriental architecture". Hakka earth building is shining with the wisdom of Hakka people. It has many functions such as earthquake prevention, fire prevention and defense. It has good ventilation and lighting, and is warm in winter and cool in summer. Its structure also reflects the Hakka tradition of unity and fraternity handed down from generation to generation. Imagine that hundreds of people live in the same big house day and night. It's very important to live in harmony. The simple and honest nature of Hakka people can also be seen here. As soon as you enter the earth building, you can immediately feel the deep sense of history and the mild atmosphere. The layout of facilities in the whole building not only has the impression of Suzhou gardens, but also has the characteristics of ancient Greek architecture. It can be called a wonderful combination of Chinese and Western architecture

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Formation and development

The formation of Fujian Tulou is related to several famous migrations of Han people in Central Plains in history. In Yongjia period of the Western Jin Dynasty, that is, in the 4th century AD, the Northern War was still frequent and natural disasters were rampant, and the local people moved to the south in a large scale, which opened the prelude of thousands of years of Han people in the Central Plains migrating to Fujian. The immigrants from the Central Plains who entered the south of Fujian Province and the local residents merged with each other, forming the Fulao ethnic group characterized by Minnan dialect; the Han people from the Central Plains who migrated through Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province and entered the mountainous areas of the west of Fujian Province formed another important ethnic group in Fujian Province, the Hakka ethnic group characterized by Hakka dialect.

Fujian Tulou is located in the southwest mountain area of Fujian. It is the intersection of Fulao and Hakka. The terrain is steep and sparsely populated. At one time, there were wild animals and bandits. Living together is not only the requirement of the deep-rooted Confucian traditional ideas in Central Plains, but also the realistic need of gathering strength and jointly defending foreign enemies. Fujian Tulou is located on the mountain and has a reasonable layout. It absorbs the "geomantic omen" concept of traditional Chinese architectural planning, adapts to the living and defense requirements of ethnic groups, and skillfully uses the narrow flat land in the mountains and the local raw soil, wood, pebbles and other building materials. It is a kind of high-rise building of raw soil with its own system, saving, strong and defensive characteristics, and full of aesthetic feeling Type. These unique residential buildings in mountainous areas push the long-standing raw soil compaction technology to the extreme. Hakka is an important branch of the Han nationality, whose ancestors are from the Central Plains. Due to the war and disaster, Hakka has moved to the south for five times. Some of them went to Fujian and formed Hakka family.

In the long-term development process of Yongding Hakka Tulou, the architectural art and architectural style of each period have accumulated unique patterns and cultural connotations. In Yongding, more than 2200 square kilometers of land, there are more than 20000 earth buildings, including nearly 5000 large-scale buildings with more than three floors and more than 360 round buildings. These square earth buildings with various facades, different shapes, tall and majestic, take the natural village as a unit, and are well arranged and harmoniously integrated with the blue sky, the earth, the green mountains and the green waters, forming a magnificent and extraordinary earth building group, forming a unique landscape that makes people "lose soul and soul".

In the face of earth buildings with a long history, people exclaim, "how do Hakkas create magical earth buildings?" "How can Tulou breed generations of Tulou people" and other issues show a stronger interest. Yes, Yongding Tulou is an outstanding representative of Hakka dwellings. It not only shows Hakka culture in an all-round way, but also is closely connected with the root of traditional Chinese culture. Since the Western Jin Dynasty, some Han people in the Central Plains gradually moved southward to the mountainous areas at the junction of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi for five times in order to escape the war and famine, which gave birth to a dynamic ethnic group Hakka. Yongding became a pure Hakka county.

At first, they used the ancient earth building technology of the Central Plains, and used local bamboo, wood, mud, stone and other raw materials to develop from simple wooden houses and earth houses to earth buildings with mud walls and tile roofs. In order to live together, large-scale multi-storey raw soil buildings with mature system have been gradually built. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi and Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty, tobacco was widely planted in Yongding, which was known as "Yankui". It sold well all over the country and Southeast Asia. A large number of tobacco merchants made a lot of money. In addition, due to the emphasis on education, talent cultivation and the emergence of officials, Yongding's rich families and some people had the political status and economic foundation of building large-scale earth buildings There was a heyday in Zhuzhou that other Hakka areas couldn't catch up with. Because of the convenience of materials, these tall earth buildings are perfect in technology and function, and have high aesthetic value in modeling, which radiate the surrounding Hakka areas. Yongding Tulou, as one of the most outstanding Hakka Tulou works, has profound cultural connotation and fully displays Hakka culture.

Cultural connotation

"Tulou is a primitive ecological green building." Huang Hanmin said: Tulou is warm in winter and cool in summer. It is made of local materials and recycled. In its most primitive form, it fully embodies the "latest concept and highest realm" of green buildings pursued by people. "The construction of a new generation of green Tulou should be highly valued."

Among the various shapes of earth buildings, the round earth building is the most magical and charming, because in ancient China, people thought that the sky was round and the earth was square. The ancients worshiped the earth and the sky with round and square. In particular, it is believed that the round has infinite divine power, which brings harmony to all things and the reunion of future generations. Fujian writer Xi Huaizhong said: "Tulou is a full stop, but it leads to countless question marks and exclamation marks.". "Tulou is like a huge mushroom coming out of the ground and a black flying saucer coming down from the sky," said Ichiro MaoMu, a professor at Tokyo University of Arts. Claude, the architect of Harvard University, said: "earth building is a bold and unique masterpiece of Hakka people. It twinkles the wisdom of Hakka people and often excites me.".

A Tulou is an art palace. Every Tulou is like a "big family, small society". In the Tulou, there are dozens of households and hundreds of people living under the same roof. They are of the same ancestry, blood and family. They live a harmonious life of sharing doors, halls, stairs, courtyards and wells. This living mode of living together in the same building typically reflects the traditional family ethics and family affinity of Hakkas. Moreover, the Hakkas in the building live in equal rooms with the same number of floors, the same bay area, no obvious difference in orientation, and no distinction between the noble and the humble. Equal settlement reflects the Hakka people's harmonious family style and the tradition of equality and unity.

Fujian Tulou is a rich and colorful society. Yongding Chengqi building has 384 rooms, with more than 800 people living at most. "Tulou is most useful for building a harmonious society." Xu Songsheng said that living in Tulou, people will help each other when they have something to do, and the neighborhood is harmonious. "If a child is filial or unfilial, he will have a good reputation, good study and bad criticism, which will play a role of educational restraint.

The heavy earth buildings in Fujian bear the heavy traditional culture. The thought-provoking couplets and plaques, the private school coexisting with the building, and the mural painting of education and education all inspire the ideal of "self-cultivation and family harmony" and the pursuit of "perfection". Zhencheng

Chinese PinYin : Yong Ding Tu Lou