Hanyang Mausoleum

Admission: 90 yuan in peak season; 65 yuan in off-season (January, February and December). There are free sightseeing buses for tourists in the scenic area.

Opening hours: 8:30-17:30 from March to November; 8:30-17:00 from January, February and December.

Transportation: from Xi'an to Hanyang mausoleum, take you 4 or No.228 bus from Xi'an to Zhangjiabao station or the terminal City Sports Park, and then transfer to you 4 to the main gate of Hanyang mausoleum. From Xianyang to Hanyang mausoleum, you can take No.5 bus from Xianyang railway station to Hanyang mausoleum directly. The departure time is 8:00-18:00, and it runs on time. The whole fare is 4 yuan.

Self driving: starting from Xi'an City, you can enter Zhuhong road along the second North Ring Road and go straight to the newly built airport expressway. Along the highway, there are signs of "Hanyangling".

Yangling

synonym

Han Yang Mausoleum (cemetery) generally refers to Yang Mausoleum

Yangling mausoleum, also known as Hanyangling mausoleum, is a joint cemetery of emperor Liu Qi and his Empress Wang. It is located in Zhangjiawan, Zhengyang Town, Weicheng District, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province, and on the Xianyang plain to the north of Hougou village. It spans Weicheng District, Jingyang County, and Gaoling District, Xi'an city.

The Yangling mausoleum was first built in the fourth year of the reign of emperor Jingdi of the Han Dynasty (153 BC) and completed in the third year of the reign of Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty (126 BC). It took 28 years to build. The mausoleum covers an area of 20 square kilometers.

In April 1963, Yangling was announced as the first batch of key cultural relics protection units in Shaanxi Province

.

On June 25, 2001, the Yangling mausoleum was announced as a national key cultural relic protection unit by the State Council

It is a national AAAA tourist attraction.

Historical evolution

Liu Qi, the fourth emperor of the Western Han Dynasty, and his father, Liu Heng, jointly created the first rule of Wen Jing in the Chinese monarchical dictatorship. In 141 BC, it collapsed in Weiyang palace of Chang'an City and was buried in Yangling

. The Yangling mausoleum was first built in the fourth year of the Yuan Dynasty (153 BC). It took 28 years from emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty to the burial of the queen.

During the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty, Bi Yuan, governor of Shaanxi Province, set up a monument to the name of Yangling.

From the 32nd year of Guangxu to the 2nd year of Xuantong (1906-1910), zulixi, a Japanese scholar of "teaching in Shaanxi Provincial College", made a preliminary archaeological investigation on the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty, including Yangling, and Chang'an city of the Han Dynasty.

The shape of Yangling Mausoleum

Yangling cemetery is composed of emperor's mausoleum, Hou's mausoleum, funeral pits in the South and North districts, prisoners' cemetery, Mausoleum temple and other ritual buildings, accompanying cemetery and Yangling town.

To the east of the western part of the mausoleum block, it is located in the west of the central part of the mausoleum; the rear mausoleum, the south area from the burial pit, the north area from the burial pit, and the No.1 building site are equidistant distributed in the four corners of the mausoleum; the Imperial concubine burial area and the Luojingshi site are located in the north and south sides of the mausoleum, symmetrical; the criminal cemetery and three building sites are in the west side of the mausoleum, arranged in the north and South; the burial cemetery is distributed in the east side of the mausoleum in simadao On both sides, Yangling town is set at the east end of the cemetery. The whole mausoleum is centered on the imperial mausoleum, with four corners arched, north-south symmetry, east-west connection, regular layout and strict structure, which shows the imperial sense of self-respect and strict hierarchy concept.

It is the first time in the archaeology of the eleven mausoleums of the Western Han Dynasty that the Yangling emperor and the houling mausoleum are in the shape of "Ya". It basically solves the long-standing problem of whether the mausoleum of the Han Dynasty faces the South or the East, denies the argument that the mausoleum of the Han Dynasty was arranged according to the Zhaomu system, and solves a major problem in the study of the mausoleum system of the Han Dynasty.

Cemetery Archaeology

mausoleum

Yangling cemetery is nearly 6 kilometers long from east to west and 1 to 3 kilometers wide from north to south, covering an area of about 12 square kilometers. Yangling is about 31 meters high, 160 meters long at the bottom, 54 meters East-West at the top, 55 meters north-south. The cemetery is square, 410 meters long, with a door in the center of each side, 110 meters away from the imperial mausoleum.

There are 81 burial pits and mausoleums on the outer surface of the sealed earth. The pits outside the imperial mausoleum are the most important burial parts of the imperial mausoleum. Each burial tunnel is a rectangular pit in the east-west direction, with a depth of 3 meters and a width of 2.4 meters. The burial pits are all made of wood, with six sides separated by terracotta wooden boards. The top wooden board is also covered with reed mat, which is backfilled with 3.5 meters high rammed earth.

In 1998, archaeologists excavated 10 outer pits on the east side of the imperial mausoleum. A large number of pottery figurines with various identities, including civil servants, warriors, male and female attendants, eunuchs and so on, all kinds of pottery livestock, wooden chariots and horses, living utensils and weapons of all kinds, as well as food, meat, textiles and other consumer goods, were unearthed.

Houling

The mausoleum of empress Xiaojing is located in the northeast of the mausoleum, 450 meters away from the mausoleum, echoing the mausoleum of emperor Jing.

In the Western Han Dynasty, the system of "the same tomb with different caves" was adopted in the joint burial of the emperor and empress, that is, although the emperor and empress were buried in the same tomb area, each had a cemetery. The shape of houling is the same as that of the imperial mausoleum. It is about 25.5 meters high, and the shape of the sealed earth is a big sub shaped tomb with four paths. There are 28 burial pits on the periphery of the sealed soil. On the south side, there is a stele named "Han Huidi anling" erected by Bi Yuan, governor of Shaanxi Province in the Qing Dynasty.

The empress of Xiaojing? (125 BC), the second empress of emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty and the biological mother of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Huaili people, mother Zang son for Yan Wang Zang tea grandson, father Huaili people Wang Zhong. There are four women and one son, who are the three princesses of Xiucheng junjinsu, Princess Pingyang, Princess Nangong, Princess Longwu (Princess Linwu) and Emperor Hanwu Liu Che. Wang Ji died in the fourth year of Yuanshuo, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (125 BC), later than the 16th year of emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty. He was posthumously named "empress Xiaojing" and was buried with emperor Jing in Yangling.

From the grave

The southern area from the tomb is located in the southeast of the imperial mausoleum and the south of the houling mausoleum. The northern area from the tomb is located in the northwest of the imperial mausoleum, covering an area of 96000 square meters. In May 1990, Shaanxi Provincial Institute of archaeology cooperated with the construction of Xi'an Xianyang Airport special road, and found several burial pits. A Han mausoleum archaeological team with Wang Xueli as the team leader and Shang Zhiru as the deputy team leader was set up to carry out rescue excavation and further drilling. A large number of painted nude pottery figurines were excavated, and the Southern District burial pits were found. In 1991, the 90 year excavation of the Han mausoleum archaeological team was rated as one of the top ten archaeological discoveries in China.

The southern area from the burial pit is located in the southeast of the imperial mausoleum, 300 meters north from the mausoleum, a total of 24 pits, arranged in 14 rows from north to south. In April 1992, the No.1 Bulletin of Cong burials in the south of Yangling Mausoleum of emperor Jingdi of Han Dynasty was published, which announced the excavation results of No.16 and No.17 pits in the south of Cong burials. In April 1994, the No.2 Bulletin of Cong burials in the south of Yangling Mausoleum of emperor Jingdi of Han Dynasty was published, which announced the excavation results of no.20-no.23 of Cong burials in the south. In January 1995, the Shaanxi Provincial Institute of archaeology transferred Jiao Nanfeng and Ma YONGYING from the Research Office of Qin and Han Dynasties to establish the Yangling archaeological team (Yangling team for short). In November 1995, the Yangling team excavated a large number of painted naked warriors from the burial pit (part) at No. 10, Southern District of Yangling.

There are many terracotta warriors, warehouses for grain, pottery animals such as cattle, sheep, pigs, dogs and chickens, and groups of pottery, iron and copper utensils in the burial pits, which fully show the military scene of the Han Dynasty and have a certain relationship with the "Southern Army" and "northern army" of the Western Han Dynasty. These archaeological discoveries are not only the reflection of the funeral system of the emperors in the Western Han Dynasty, but also the epitome of the economic prosperity, military strength and material life in the Western Han Dynasty.

Luojingshi site

The Luojingshi site, located in the southeast of the imperial mausoleum, is the site of the Royal Mausoleum with the largest excavation area and the highest level in China.

The terrain here is uplifted with gentle slope appearance. The plan of the site is in the shape of "Hui", with two layers inside and outside, covering a total area of about 67000 square meters. Inside is the rammed earth base of the central building, with a square base, 54 meters long on each side, and 3 doors on each side, a total of 12 doors. There are brick floor, pebble apron and a large number of bricks, tiles accumulation layer and other relics around. On the hollow bricks unearthed from the surrounding gateways, four deity patterns were found, namely, the East Green Dragon, the west white tiger, the South rosefinch and the North Xuanwu. The floor tiles around the base site were of different colors, namely, the East Green, the west white, the North black and the South red. According to the principle of architecture, the whole building is restored to be a quadrangular building with a sharp top, similar to the bell tower in Xi'an, or a circular building with a sharp top, similar to the temple of heaven in Beijing.

The compass stone is a large pillar stone in the center of the building. The side length of the core pillar stone is nearly two meters, and the diameter of the pillar standing on it is 1.4 meters, and the height is unimaginable. There are 14 pillar pits on each side of the foundation site, in which there are pillar foundation stones. 56 cloister columns and core columns together support the Yangling high platform building which can be vividly seen in Chang'an city. The layout of the whole building is regular and grand.

Luojingshi site is one of the most important ritual buildings in Yangling mausoleum, and it is also the most complete preserved architectural site of imperial mausoleum and temple. According to relevant records, the tomb Temple of emperor Jing, also known as Xiaojing temple, is called Deyang palace. According to the fifth chapter of Jingdi Ji in the fifth volume of Hanshu, in the fourth year of Zhongyuan (146 BC), "Deyang palace began in March in spring."

Note: "it's the temple of emperor Jing. The emperor made it himself, taboo not to speak temple, the Forbidden City. The Jingdi temple was destroyed in December in the fifth year of emperor Yongguang of the Han Dynasty (39bc), and recovered in March in the first year of Jingning (33bc). Archaeologists contact the site of "Luojingshi"

Chinese PinYin : Han Yang Ling