Tang Gongling

Gongling

synonym

Gong Mausoleum of Tang Dynasty generally refers to Gong Mausoleum (Tang Gong Mausoleum)

Gongling is located in Henan Province. Gongling is located in hutuoling, 2.5 kilometers northeast of Goushi Town, Yanshi City, Luoyang City, Henan Province, China. It is the mausoleum of Li Hong, the fifth son of Emperor Gaozong and the eldest son of Empress Wu. The stone carvings on both sides of Gong mausoleum Shinto are exquisite, exquisitely carved and vivid. It may be earlier than the Qianling mausoleum. It is the only group of stone carvings of Tang Dynasty mausoleum in Henan Province. It is not only an important basis for investigating the regulations of Tang mausoleum, but also a valuable material for the world to study the ancient stone carving art of our country. Now it is a national cultural relic protection unit.

brief introduction

Gongling (emperor Xiaojing's Mausoleum) is located in hutuoling, 2.5 kilometers northeast of Goushi Town, Yanshi City, Henan Province, China.

Gong mausoleum is the largest Mausoleum of Tang Dynasty in Luoyang. It faces south in the north. It is square in plane and 440 meters in length and width. Around the original God wall enclosure, the four corners of the turret building, four God walls in the God door. The earth palace outside the gate still exists. There is a pair of standing lions 10 meters outside the South God gate, 54 meters apart from each other. The other three sides are the same, only the lion sitting. Shinto is just south of nanshenmenwai, 50 meters wide. On both sides, from north to south, there are three pairs of wengzhong, a pair of Tianma and a pair of Wangzhu, which are arranged in turn, east to west and left to right. Among them, the stele between wengzhong and wengzhong, the first and second in the east row, which was written by Li Zhi, Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty, has important history and high calligraphy value. Lingtai is covered with earth in a bucket shape, 163 meters long in the East, 147 meters wide in the north and south, and 22 meters high. Lingtai 50 meters northeast, there is a cone-shaped earth grave, commonly known as "Niangniang grave.".

Mausoleum building

Facing south, the cemetery is square in plane, neat in structure, about 440 meters in length and width. All around the original God wall enclosure, now the ground has no existence. There are four God walls and God gates in the middle. There is a Shinto outside the South God gate, and there are stone statues on both sides of the Shinto. There are Lingtai and empress AI's tomb in the cemetery. Lingtai is rectangular, 164 meters long from east to west, 146 meters wide from north to south, and 24 meters high. Empress AI's tomb is located 40 meters northeast of Lingtai. It is square cone-shaped, 50 meters long and 50 meters wide, and 13 meters high. There are 19 stone carvings on the ground of the cemetery. A pair of sitting lions are set outside the gate of the East, West and North gods respectively, while a pair of sitting lions are set outside the gate of the South gods. Gongling stone carving is exquisite and vivid, which can be called the treasure of Tang Dynasty stone carving art.

Gong mausoleum is a well preserved mausoleum among the mausoleums built in the Central Plains. It is a valuable material for studying the mausoleum system, tomb ritual regulations and funeral customs of the Tang Dynasty.

Textual research on history

The owner of Gongling is emperor Xiaojing Li Hong (652-675), the fifth son of Emperor Gaozong Li Zhi and the eldest son of Empress Wu Zetian. He died in 675. Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty made his posthumous title "filial piety to the emperor", which set a precedent for the posthumous title of emperor after the death of the crown prince. They were buried according to the emperor's specifications. But it is generally called Prince Hong.

According to the mausoleum of the emperor of Tang Dynasty, Gong mausoleum is a complete example of the regulation of "no tomb is mausoleum" in the early Tang Dynasty. The cemetery faces south with a square plane, 440 meters in length and width. There are two large and small graves in the cemetery. The large one is located in the west of the central part of the cemetery, and Li Hong is buried, which is commonly known as the prince's grave. The small one is located in the northeast corner of the large one, where the princess Pei's family is buried, which is also known as empress AI's grave. The two tombs are in the middle of the cemetery. The same tomb is different. The two tombs of Gong mausoleum are in the shape of a rectangle covered with a bucket. The existing crown prince tombs are 150 meters long from east to west and 130 meters wide from north to South at the bottom, 46 meters from east to west, 50 meters from north to South at the top, and 22 meters high.

According to drilling, after thousands of years of wind and rain erosion and man-made cultivation, each side of the sealed soil has been damaged by more than 10 meters, and the length of the bottom of the original sealed soil should be 160-180 meters. The mound of Gongling mausoleum is rammed with high viscosity reddish brown raw soil, which is hard and dense. Although it has been eroded by wind and rain for more than a thousand years, its height is only about 5 meters lost (this is based on the story of Changling Mausoleum of Han Dynasty, which is nine feet high and the emperor of Tang Dynasty's ceremony is based on Changling Mausoleum of Han Dynasty). The Queen's tomb is about 50 meters away from the prince's tomb. The existing shape is very irregular, with a square cone at the bottom, 50 meters in length and width, a circular shape at the top and a residual height of 13 meters. Gongling mausoleum around the original rammed walls, each side of the wall in the middle of a door, named after the four gods.

Double towers were built outside the gate and turrets were built in the four corners. Today, the wall has been leveled to the ground. The width of the existing wall base is only 1 meter. The remains of siyujiaolou site are about 3-4 meters high, more than 10 meters long and wide. The original base was built with stone strips, which were used by farmers for other purposes. The north gate of shuangque in front of the gate is well preserved, 23 meters long and 20 meters wide, with a distance of 30 meters. The measured width of the South God gate of the cemetery is 30 meters. There are standing lions 10 meters away from the gate, 54 meters apart. The situation of the other three gates is similar to this, but the standing lion is changed to squatting lion. No architectural remains were found in the South God gate. There is a royal road in the south of the double towers outside the gate, and large stone carvings are arranged on both sides.

Distribution of historic sites

There are 18 stone statues and one stone tablet in Gongling cemetery. In addition to the stone lions outside the East, West and North Gate of the cemetery, the other 12 pieces are listed on both sides of the Shinto outside the South Shinto gate, with a distance of 50 meters between the East and West. From the south to the north, they are as follows:

Stone pillar

A pair of stone watchtowers, 300 meters from the South God gate, with a height of about 6.50 meters, is composed of three parts: the base, the column body and the lotus roof. The base is square, divided into two layers, the lower layer is 2.14 meters from east to west, 2.30 meters from north to south, and the height of bare ground is 0.9 meters; the upper layer is 1.58 meters from east to west, 1.7 meters from north to south, and 0.8 meters high. It is carved with a lotus base with a height of 0.12 meters and a diameter of 1.5 meters. On the lotus foundation, there are octagonal stone columns, 3.75 meters high and 0.85 meters in diameter. They are all facing upward and have no grain. The octagonal top cover is pressed on the top of the column, on which is placed the yangliantuo mani beads.

Tianma

One pair of Tianma is located 92 meters north of shiwangzhu. Tianma was set up in front of the mausoleum of Tang Dynasty, with Gong Mausoleum as the leader. Tianma is 2.4 meters high and is placed on a double stone pedestal. lower stratum

It is 2.65m long, 1.95M wide and 0.76M high; the upper layer is 2.21M long, 1.01m wide and 0.41m high; the bottom plate is 2.1m long, 0.86m wide and 0.2m thick. Tianma's limbs and vertical tail are connected with the base plate, and the abdomen is hollowed out. The height is 3.57 meters. Tianma stands tall, muscular and strong, with bristles standing upright on the top of the head, bristles on the side of the neck slanting, and frizzled wings carved on both sides of the forelimb. The sense of mystery and auspiciousness leaps from heaven to earth.

Stone Man

There are three pairs of stone men. The first pair is 43 meters north of Tianma, 32 meters north and south. The height of Gongling stone man is 2.73-3.30 meters, and its costume is almost the same as that of Yang Shunling stone man in Xianyang. He wears a flat scarf and a wide sleeve robe, a long skirt inside and a crotch outside. He has a broad waist, and his feet are in cloud boots. He holds his sword in his hands and stands on the upside down lotus seat with a square base, which is 1.5-1.53 meters long, 1.50-1.56 meters wide, 0.56-0.90 meters high and 0.30-0.44 meters high. From the point of view of dress, it should be the post of Zhonglang general.

Shi Lishi

To the north of the stone man is a pair of stone lions, which are located 10 meters south of shuangque outside the South God gate of the cemetery. They are separated on the left and right, 54 meters apart. Both lions stand facing the south, slightly running and jumping. The male lion in the East is 2.64 meters high, with a large head, high head and forward-looking, small ears, exposed canine teeth, three wisps of hair on the lower jaw, curly bristles on the back of the neck, strong chest muscles, slightly erect forelimbs, slightly bent hind limbs as forerunner, obvious gender marks between the two legs, long tail thrown out to the right to reach the abdomen, limbs connected with the slate, hollow abdomen. In the west, the female lion is 2.40 meters high, basically the same shape as the male lion, but the long tail is thrown to the left, and there is no gender mark between the legs. The stone lion base is divided into two layers, the lower layer is 2.76m long, 1.75m wide and 0.45M high; the upper layer is 2.22M long, 1.34m wide and 0.55M high; the stone slab is 2.01M long, 0.98M wide and 0.27m thick. The stone lions in the four gates of the imperial mausoleum started from Gong mausoleum.

Ruide stele

Ruide stele is located between the first and second stone people in the south. The stone tablet is 7.23 meters high, 6.03 meters high, 1.94 meters wide and 0.65 meters thick; the pedestal is 1.20 meters high, 2.70 meters wide and 1.90 meters thick. On the forehead of the tablet, there are eight characters of "filial piety to Emperor Ruide" in feibai script, and 33 lines of regular script from right to left, with 82-89 words in each line, and the full text is more than 2000 words. Because of its long history, most of the inscriptions are unclear. What is the content of the inscription

There are more than 1700 words in quantangwen and jinshiquibian.

Shi Xiangsheng

Among the existing stone statues, there are three pairs of crouching lions, which are set outside the East, West and north gates of the cemetery. Their appearance, shape and size are basically the same. The crouching lion is 2.30 meters high. It looks forward with its head raised, its forelimbs slanted, its head and neck bristles curled, three strands of whiskers under its jaw, and its long tail thrown under its left armpit. It is vigorous and realistic in shape. Lions are crouched on three layers of rectangular stone base. The upper base is connected with lions, 1.89 meters long, 1.17 meters wide and 0.25 meters high; the middle base is 2.07 meters long, 1.35 meters wide and 0.70 meters high; the lower base is 2.60 meters long, 1.75 meters wide and 1.0 meters high. In the east of Beishen gate, there is an inscription on the left buttock of crouching lion.

Address: Goushi Town, Yanshi City, Luoyang City

Longitude: 112.817482577

Latitude: 34.630389760094

Chinese PinYin : Tang Gong Ling