Tombs of the Eastern Han Dynasty in dongtantou

Tombs of the Eastern Han Dynasty in dongtantou

Dongtantou Donghan tomb is located 150 meters east of dongtantou village, Yanzhuang Town, Jinghai County, Tianjin city.

brief introduction

After the discovery in 1982, three excavations were carried out, and three types of brick chamber tombs, including brick cloister tombs, multi chamber tombs and monaural tombs, were cleared. This is a tomb in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. The whole tomb was built according to the layout of manor buildings in the Han Dynasty. This kind of tomb with complete manor structure is the first case found in China. This tomb was stolen in the early years, and almost all the remains were pottery and pottery dolls, all of which were decorated with green glaze, rich and colorful. Among them, a ceramic square watchtower is quite spectacular, with a height of 1.36 meters, a side width of 0.7 meters, three sections and six floors.

Characteristics of the tomb chamber

Construction of local Manor

Dongtantou Tomb of the Eastern Han Dynasty is located in the east of dongtantou village, Jinghai County. Tomb No. 1 is the largest one, which is composed of front and back passage, corridor, four chambers and four ear chambers. The structure of the tomb is unique. An ambulatory is built outside the tomb chamber, and there are 14 rolling roofs on the ambulatory to form a small chamber. There are many inscriptions in the tombs. For example, the rear passage of the tombs is "big family coming out of the north", the corridor has "entrance to the east of the road" and "entrance to the west of the road", and the tombs have "Taicang", "lisheshi" and "chemachu", which are obviously constructed according to the local manor at that time. The Eastern Han tomb with this structure is the first in China.

Salient features

There are two remarkable characteristics of Dongtan Han Tombs: first, there is obvious unity in the shape of tombs, burial customs and unearthed relics. Its brick chamber tombs are very popular in the Han Dynasty, which are widely popular in the Central Plains and Lingnan areas, and the unearthed bronze mirrors, tripods, and five baht coins are very common in the tombs of the same period in the central area of the Han Dynasty; second, the unified style is maintained Under the premise of the Bureau, the regional characteristics of Han tombs are also very obvious. For example, Jibei tombs with a large number of Han tombs and diverse structures are an important demonstration of the regional characteristics of Han tombs. A number of gold-plated bronzes and carvings, five baht coins, jade ware, primitive celadon, 12 Han Dynasty stone portraits and jade pieces of jade clothing were unearthed in the Han tombs. Some jade pieces of jade clothing were carved with patterns and inlaid with gold foil. The portraits of Han Dynasty are carved with exquisite patterns such as "cross rings", Fuxi Nuwa, fish, Phoenix, birds and animals, and figures singing and dancing. The archaeological results of the Han Tombs show that the Eastern Han tombs are of great value to the study of the history and geography of the Central Plains, but also of great political significance.

Geography and climate

Dongtantou Tomb of the Eastern Han Dynasty is located in a warm temperate semi-arid, semi humid monsoon climate with four distinct seasons in a year. In winter, it is mainly controlled by Mongolia cold high pressure, prevailing northwest wind, cold and dry weather, less snow. In spring, the daily average temperature rises rapidly from about 5 ℃ in March to nearly 20 ℃ in May; in autumn, the daily average temperature drops to 4-6 ℃ in November. In summer, it is affected by the western edge of the Northwest Pacific subtropical high, with southerly wind, high temperature, high humidity and concentrated rainfall. Spring and autumn are the season transition period, with frequent cold and warm air conflicts. In spring, it is dry, windy and rainy, with changeable cold and warm. In autumn, it is windy and sunny, and cold wave often occurs in late autumn. The annual average temperature is 11.4-12.9 ℃, the coldest in January of the year, the monthly average temperature is - 3.0-5.4 ℃; the hottest in July, the monthly average temperature is 25.9-26.7 ℃, the annual average frost free period is about 190 days, the annual average precipitation is about 600 mm, and the annual average sunshine is 2610-3090 hours. Due to the influence of monsoon, the wind changes obviously with seasons. Northwest wind prevails in winter, southwest wind prevails in spring, southeast wind prevails in summer, and wind direction is changeable in autumn. The annual maximum wind direction is southwest. In a year, the number of gale days in spring is the most, the average wind speed is the largest, followed by winter, and the average wind speed in summer is the smallest.

unearthed relic

Five baht

Wuzhu coin was first cast in the fifth year of Yuanshou, Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty. The coin weighs wuzhu and bears two seal characters of "wuzhu", so it is named. The word "five baht" in Qianwen is divided into square holes, usually right "Five" and left "baht". Its standard weight is 4G, its diameter is 2.5cm and its thickness is 0.12cm. It inherited the form of Qin banliang coins, established a round square hole, inside and outside the Guo, and developed into a moderate weight of copper coins. From the fifth year of Yuanshou to the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the currency system did not change. In the 16th year of Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, five baht coins were made. This coin is 2.5 cm in diameter, 3.4-3.5 g in weight and has a narrow outer Guo. During the reign of Emperor Ling, the coin was made of "four out of five baht", which means that the back of the coin has four diagonal lines, from the perforated four corners to the outer Guo. Its shape and quality are the same as those of the five baht coin of the Eastern Han Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms, two Jin Dynasties and the southern and Northern Dynasties, Shu Han coined a hundred five baht; Wei Xiaowen coined "Taihe five baht" in the 19th year of Taihe, Xuanwu coined "Yongping five baht" in the 3rd year of Yongping, Xiaozhuang coined "Yong'an five baht" in the 2nd year of Yongan, and Western Wei Wendi coined "Datong five baht" in the 6th year of Datong. In the early period of Xiao Liang Dynasty, the "big sample five baht" was cast; in the fourth year of Tianbao, Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi Dynasty, the "Changping five baht" was cast. In 581, after the unification of the Sui Dynasty, another "kaihuang wuzhu" was coined, ending the chaos of the currency system for more than 100 years. In the fourth year of Wude of Tang Dynasty, "Kaiyuan Tongbao coin" was made and wuzhu coin was abolished. The five baht coin, which has been in circulation for more than 700 years, has the largest number of coins and the longest circulation time in Chinese history.

Bronze mirrors of Han Dynasty

Han Dynasty is an important period for the development of Chinese bronze mirrors. The number of Han mirrors unearthed is the largest and they are widely used. Han mirrors are not only more in quantity than those in the Warring States period, but also have a great development in production form and artistic expression. From its development trend, it can be divided into three major stages. The important changes appeared in the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, the period of Wang Mang at the end of Western Han Dynasty and the middle of Eastern Han Dynasty. In addition to continuing to use the Warring States mirror, the most popular bronze mirrors in the Han Dynasty were Panyu mirror, panhui mirror, Zhangcao mirror, Xingyun mirror, Yunlei mirror, bird and animal mirror, repeating divine beast mirror, even arc inscription mirror, double circle inscription mirror, four breasts mirror, multi breasts mirror, deformed four leaf mirror, divine beast mirror, portrait mirror, dragon and tiger mirror, sunlight mirror and four breasts mirror Seven breasts and four spirits, animal pattern mirror, etc. In the early Western Han Dynasty, the mirror of the Warring States period was replaced by the mirror of the Han Dynasty. Until the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, around Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, some new mirrors became popular. These new mirrors play a connecting role in the development of later bronze mirrors.

Primitive celadon

The original celadon is a kind of celadon which is in the stage of occurrence. This kind of celadon ware has gray color, dense structure, high temperature and hardness. It has the sound of gold and stone when it is knocked. The surface of the ware is coated with green or yellow green glass high temperature glaze. Due to the low level of technology at that time, the treatment of raw materials and the refining of green mud were relatively rough, without fine filtration, washing, kneading, aging and other processes; moreover, the plasticity of the tire material was small, and the molding was relatively monotonous. The common types of utensils are open long neck, folded shoulder deep belly round drum, round bottom Zun; closed mouth, deep belly round drum; open round bottom bowl; closed mouth deep belly round bottom pot; closed mouth short neck deep belly round bottom; shallow plate rolled along the round bottom, high handle bean; double ear jar, etc. The ornamentation of the utensils is simple, mainly including square pattern, zigzag pattern, ripple pattern, thunder removing pattern, leaf pattern, S-shaped pattern, netting pattern, dot pattern, string pattern and additional stack pattern. There are many impurities in the material, many cracks in the matrix and unstable glaze. In short, compared with the later mature porcelain, it has obvious primitiveness, so it is called primitive celadon. After entering the Eastern Han Dynasty, the varieties and patterns of the original ware changed. In the Western Han Dynasty, the once popular utensils such as ampoules and francium were no longer produced, while the quantity of daily utensils such as cans increased rapidly, indicating that their production had turned to economic and practical. Mature porcelain began to appear in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Because it was developed from primitive porcelain, there are inevitable similarities with primitive porcelain in modeling technology and style.

building structure

It is 39.7 meters long from north to South and 15.4 meters wide from east to west. It is made up of four tombs, 22 tombs and the road of the village guards. According to the book of Han Dynasty, "King kuizi came to pay homage to the emperor, returned to his country, served as an official in the Han Dynasty, and went in and out of the Zhou Dynasty." There are three paths in front of the tomb, 10.4 meters in the middle and 7 meters in the back. There are four chambers in the front, middle, main and back of the tomb and the ear chamber. In the middle, there is a Nantong tomb, which connects the front and back of the tomb. The front chamber is square with a side length of 2 meters. It connects the corridor in the South and the middle chamber in the north. The middle room is square with a side length of 2.4 meters. The walls are paved with pattern bricks and the ground is paved with plain bricks. The east wall is built with two doors leading to the north and South ear chambers, and the ear chambers are made into domes. The main chamber is the largest tomb, rectangular, 3.9 meters from north to south, 2.1 meters from east to west, 2.6 meters high, with a dome and two layers of plain bricks at the bottom. The back room is nearly square, 2.1 meters from north to south, 1.8 meters from east to west, 2.3 meters high, with a dome. In the middle of the gate, there is an inscription of "big family coming from the north". In the middle of the gate, there are inscriptions of "the road to the East enters the house" and "the road to the west enters the house". It is 49.8 meters in circumference and 75-80 cm in width. Along the line, there are 14 vaulted chambers with a height of 1.7-2.2 meters. The materials used in this tomb are exquisite. The walls are green, and the bricks are hard with high temperature. The gate and dome of the tomb are all wedge-shaped bricks. The bricks used in the walls and doors are all diamond shaped and breast nailed, and some of them are painted in different colors, such as ink, vermilion and white. The brick walls are laid in a flat and staggered way, and the gaps are filled with lime mortar.

Address: Jing'an, Tianjin

Chinese PinYin : Dong Tan Tou Dong Han Mu