Jiuquan

Jiuquan

Jiuquan is a prefecture level city in Gansu Province. Jiuquan city is located between Altun mountain, Qilian Mountain and Mazong mountain at the west end of Hexi Corridor in northwest Gansu Province, between 38 ° 09 ′～ 42 ° 48 ′ N and 92 ° 20 ′～ 100 ° 20 ′ E. Jiuquan City has been a traffic fortress from Central Plains and northeast to Xinjiang and western regions since ancient times. In the north, except a small part of it is bordered by Mongolia and ancient times, most of it is connected with Alxa League of Inner Mongolia, It reaches Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in the west, Haixi Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture and Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Qinghai Province in the south, and Zhangye City in the East, with a total area of 192000 square kilometers, accounting for 42% of the area of Gansu Province.

Jiuquan was one of the four counties in Hexi of Han Dynasty and an important town on the silk road. The terrain is high in the South and low in the north. From the southwest to the northeast, there are the main peak of Qilian Mountain, Taolai mountain, Daxueshan mountain, YEMA mountain, Aerjin mountain, danghenan mountain and Saishiteng mountain from the east to the West. It is a continental arid climate.

Jiuquan City governs 1 municipal district, 2 cities and 4 counties. In 2019, the city's permanent resident population is 1.1322 million, the city's GDP is 61.82 billion yuan, and the annual per capita GDP is 54729 yuan. There are Mogao Grottoes, Anxi Suoyang City, Jiuquan Park, Dunhuang Yadan National Geopark and other tourist attractions.

Jiuquan is named after "spring under the city" and "its water is like wine". It is the hometown of Dunhuang art, the cradle of modern aerospace, and the birthplace of new China's petroleum industry and nuclear industry

It is also the national wind power base and hundred photoelectric base

New energy equipment manufacturing production base

It is an important petrochemical base in China

It is a pilot city for comprehensive reform of Gansu service industry

, has won the world's influence of Chinese cultural tourism city

The most influential tourist destination in China

And other honorary titles.

In December 2019, the State Commission for democracy and people's livelihood named Jiuquan as "national demonstration city of national unity and progress".

Historical evolution

Pre Qin Period

Jiuquan is one of the areas where paleontology thrives. There are abundant remains of paleontological fossils, from the oldest rudiment of life - algae fossils to invertebrates, vertebrates, and even ancient human fossils.

Jiuquan area is also one of the earliest areas of human activities in China. More than 10000 years ago, Jiuquan ancestors entered the Paleolithic age. About 3500 years ago, Jiuquan people began to enter the Neolithic period. In the Neolithic age, the ancestors of Jiuquan mainly lived in Jiuquan Basin (including most of the present Suzhou District and Jinta County) and Dunhuang and Anxi depressions (including most of the present Dunhuang City, Anxi County and Yumen City).

About four or five thousand years ago, the ancestors of Jiuquan entered the era of human civilization. Siba culture is an important branch of bronze culture with a large number of painted pottery in Hexi corridor.

The ancestors of Jiuquan in Xia Dynasty were mainly Di and Qiang tribes, mainly in agriculture and animal husbandry. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, Zhou people continued to develop to Jiuquan, Zhou people, Qiang people and Di people were mixed, Zhou culture began to spread and exchange, and social productivity had a rapid development.

The ancestors of Jiuquan in the spring and Autumn period were engaged in the life of half farming and half grazing. They took the tribe as the basic unit of social organization, formed a tribal alliance, and gradually formed their own living habits and culture.

During the Warring States period, Jiuquan was the place where Yueshi, Wusun, Xiongnu and other nationalities lived. They competed with each other and their territory changed from time to time. In the pre Qin period, it was called Xirong, Xiqiang, Xiongnu and the three dangerous areas of the west, the West and Hexi. The Qin people launched a conquest war against the Qiang people in Gansu Province. A large number of Qiang Rong people were expelled from Gansu and integrated into the Chinese nation, or migrated to other places, or remained in the local agricultural and animal husbandry production, gradually integrated with other nationalities and became the indigenous people of Jiuquan.

Han Dynasty

In 221 BC, King Ying Zheng of Qin established the first unified centralized feudal state. However, the ruling area has not yet reached Jiuquan area, which is still dominated by Wusun, Yueshi, Xiongnu and other nationalities.

After the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty, Jiuquan and Dunhuang were still under the control of hunxie king, which was called Xiongnu Youdi, and constantly attacked the Central Plains. In the summer of the second year of Yuanshou (121 BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty launched the second Hexi campaign. The battle of Hexi completely destroyed the living power of Xiongnu. Since then, Hexi area has been brought into the rule of the Western Han Dynasty.

After Emperor Hanwu regained the Hexi area and established Jiuquan County, two military passes, Yangguan pass and Yumen pass, were set up in Dunhuang. After the recovery of Hexi area in the Western Han Dynasty, Jiuquan, Zhangye, Dunhuang and Wuwei counties were established successively, which were called "four counties of Hexi" in history. In the sixth year of Yuanding (111 BC), Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty set up Dunhuang County in the west of Jiuquan. In 8 A.D., Wang Mang became emperor, following the county system, with Fuping County (formerly Jiuquan county) and Dunde county (formerly Dunhuang county).

In February 24, Dou Rong, a general of Liushui, led his troops to surrender to Liu Xuan and was appointed as the capital of Zhangye. After the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty regime by Liu Xiu, kaixiao and others fled to Tianshui. Liang Tong (Wuwei), Ku Jun (Jincheng), Shi Bao (Zhangye), Zhu Zeng (Jiuquan) and Xin Tong (Dunhuang), the five prefects of Hexi, recommended Dou Rong as "the military commander of the five prefectures of Hexi" and established a separate regime in Hexi. In the 34th year of Jianwu period, Dou Rong and the Eastern Han Dynasty allied forces to attack Kaichun from east to west, and Kaichun surrendered. Emperor Guangwu granted Dou Rong the title of Anfeng Marquis and still managed Hexi. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Jiuquan had two prefectures, Jiuquan and Dunhuang.

During the Wei, Jin and southern and Northern Dynasties, Jiuquan was ruled by Cao Wei, Western Jin, Qianliang (Han), qianqin (DI), Houliang (DI), Xiliang (Han), Beiliang (Hun), Northern Wei, Western Wei and Northern Zhou. In 194, the first year of Xingping in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yongzhou was set up in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and Zhang Meng, a Dunhuang man, was the supreme Minister of Wuwei. After Zhang Jin took over Zhangye, Huang Hua occupied Jiuquan. In 215, Cao Cao brought Longyou into his rule. In the first year of the Wei and Huang dynasties (220), Liangzhou was set up in Hexi to govern the Hexi area and protect the western regions. Jiuquan and Dunhuang prefectures were set up in Jiuquan, which were under the jurisdiction of Liangzhou Cishi department.

In the fifth year of Yuankang (295), Emperor Huidi of the Western Jin Dynasty changed Lufu county to Fulu County, added Jinchang county and led eight counties, including Yihe County, Yiwu County, Ming'an County, Yuanquan County, Guangzhi county and Xinxiang County, Shatou county and Kuaiji county (separated by Yumen county) in Jiuquan County, and Ming'an county (now Suoyang city in Guazhou county) in Dunhuang county.

At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, Hexi and Hehuang regions in Qinghai Province successively established the separatist regimes of Qianliang, qianqin, Houliang, Xiliang, Beiliang and Nanliang, which is known as the "Wuliang period" in history.

Sui and Tang Dynasties

In the third year of Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty (583 A.D.), Jiuquan town was changed to be called Zhenjun. In the second year of Renshou (602 A.D.), Jiuquan town was changed to Suzhou, and the governor of Jiuquan town was the governor. In the first year of zongguangde (AD 763), Jiuquan belonged to Tubo, and "Suzhou qianhufu" was built. In the 88th year of the fifth year of Dazhong (AD 852), Jiuquan was occupied by Tubo.

In the second year of Tang Dynasty (848), Zhang Yanchao, a native of Dunhuang, returned to Yijun to control 11 prefectures in Hexi and Longyou, and Hexi returned to Tang Dynasty.

Before and after the fall of the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Chengfeng established the Jinshan state of the Western Han Dynasty in Dunhuang in 906, which was out of the control of the Tang Dynasty. Later, he was demoted to Dunhuang. In October of the fourth year of Qianhua (914), Dunhuang was destroyed.

At the end of the Sui Dynasty, the nine surnames of Zhaowu, who originally lived in the Kangguo area of the western regions where Buddhism was very popular, entered Hexi, which promoted the development of Buddhism in Hexi.

Song and Yuan Dynasties

In the song and Xia dynasties, Jiuquan was ruled by the Uighurs of Ganzhou, the Guiyi army of Cao and the Xixia regime. After the regime of Cao's GUI Yi army attached to Ganzhou Uighur, Shazhou had been recognized as ruled by Uighur in the early 11th century. In the third year of song Jingyou (1036, the first year of Daqing in Xixia), the western expedition of Yuanhao completely ended the reign of Cao's Guiyi army in Hexi. In the sixth year of song Xining (1073), Xixia occupied Shazhou. After Li Yuanhao conquered Jiuquan, he changed Suzhou into Fanhe County, retained the establishment of Guazhou and Shazhou, and Jiuquan area was completely under the rule of Xixia.

In the second year of Baoqing (1226) of the Southern Song Dynasty, Adachi led the Mongolian West army to besiege Fanhe county. After the Mongolian Khanate occupied Jiuquan, Fanhe county was changed to Suzhou. According to the traditional system of leading households and enfeoffment, the land and population were given to Mongolian clans and kings as fiefs. In the seventh year of the Zhiyuan Dynasty (1270), the general manager of Suzhou road was set up and stationed in Suzhou (today's Suzhou District of Jiuquan City). The local administrative agencies set up in Jiuquan today include Suzhou, Shazhou Erlu and Guazhou Prefecture. In 1277, the Yuan government restored Shazhou to Suzhou road. In 1280, it was promoted to Shazhou. Guazhou was changed into a state under the jurisdiction of Shazhou road. In 1279, the Yuan Dynasty perished and the Southern Song Dynasty unified the whole country. Jiuquan area was under the jurisdiction of the Yuan Dynasty.

Ming and Qing Dynasties

Chinese PinYin : Jiu Quan