Huluyao site of Ming Dynasty

Huluyao site of Ming Dynasty

Hulu kiln is the abbreviation of Jingdezhen gourd shaped firewood fired porcelain kiln. The ancients said that the kiln is "like a lying gourd, big in front and small in back". Hulu kiln is a unique porcelain kiln in Jingdezhen. It first appeared in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. It was not used until the egg shaped kiln (Zhen kiln) appeared in the early Qing Dynasty. Song Yingxing's Tiangong Kaiwu in Ming Dynasty has special written records and illustrations of Hulu kiln in Jingdezhen. Hulu kiln in Ming Dynasty has both the advantages of long kiln and Mantou kiln in song and Yuan Dynasties, and its firing technology has made great progress. It has made outstanding contributions to the development of Jingdezhen porcelain industry in Ming Dynasty and the formation of Zhen kiln in Qing Dynasty.

Historical evolution

Gourd shaped kiln is a kind of firewood fired porcelain kiln used in Jingdezhen, the capital of porcelain. It has been used for more than 400 years since the end of Yuan Dynasty, through the whole Ming Dynasty and even the early Qing Dynasty.

The gourd kiln in Jingdezhen first appeared in the late Yuan Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty. It is called gourd kiln because it looks like a gourd. It combines the advantages of long kiln and Mantou kiln, and represents the progress of porcelain kiln firing technology. In the book Tiangong Kaiwu written by song Yingxing in the late Ming Dynasty, there are illustrations of gourd kiln in Jingdezhen, and its firing techniques are described in detail. In recent years, archaeological discoveries have revealed Hulu kiln remains in Jingdezhen Yuyao factory, Hutian and Liyang township. This shows that gourd kilns were all over Jingdezhen at that time. There were both official kilns and folk kilns. It fully proves that Jingdezhen was the porcelain center of the whole country in the Ming Dynasty.

In order to explore the ceramic cultural resources, effectively protect and make full use of the excellent ceramic cultural heritage, Jingdezhen decided to rebuild a Ming Dynasty gourd kiln in the ancient kiln folk custom exhibition area according to the original historical appearance. Zhou Ronglin, director of the Jingdezhen Ceramic Cultural Heritage Research and Protection Center, said that in order to rebuild the Hulu kiln, experts have carefully measured the Hulu kiln site in the past two days, and carefully analyzed the structure, masonry method, kiln brick material and size of the Ming Dynasty Hulu kiln from the site. Experts will design the three-dimensional structure drawings of Hulu kiln in Ming Dynasty in 10 days based on the site and literature, and then further demonstrate. In the next step, experts will further investigate the Hulu kiln fuel and kiln furniture, explore the firing process, and truly reproduce the brilliance of handmade porcelain of Hulu kiln in Ming Dynasty.

geographical environment

The Ming Dynasty Hulu kiln site in Jingdezhen is located at No.21 Hangkong Road, Changjiang District, Jingdezhen City, Jiangxi Province. The rebuilt Hulu kiln house is located next to the Ming Dynasty carving workshop in the ancient kiln folk custom exhibition area.

Site reconstruction

On March 16, 2010, 16 experts visited the Hutian kiln site in Jingdezhen, the Yuyao factory site and the Ming Dynasty kiln site in porcelain mountain in Liyang township to investigate the Hulu kiln remains of the Ming Dynasty. On this basis, the drawings of Ming Dynasty Hulu kiln and Ming Dynasty Hulu kiln house in Jingdezhen were drawn.

The restored huluyao kiln house is located next to the Ming Dynasty carving workshop in the ancient kiln folk custom exhibition area. The kiln house is 20.5 meters long and 15.5 meters wide, with a construction area of 318 square meters and a maximum of 10 meters. The kiln house is of brick and wood structure, which will be constructed with old kiln bricks and demolished wood, reflecting the concise and practical architectural style of kiln house in Ming Dynasty.

Reserve value

Gourd shaped kiln is a kind of firewood fired porcelain kiln used in Jingdezhen, the capital of porcelain. It has been used for more than 400 years since the end of Yuan Dynasty, through the whole Ming Dynasty and even the early Qing Dynasty. Hulu kiln is divided into two oval kiln chambers, the front chamber is high, the back chamber is low, the front chamber is wide and the back chamber is narrow, the front chamber is short and the back chamber is long. If a thing has superb, wonderful characteristics, even with mysterious color, people praise it as "magic". The gourd kiln of Ming Dynasty in Jingdezhen is such a magic traditional Chinese porcelain kiln. 1. The Ming Dynasty Hulu kiln in Jingdezhen is a famous porcelain kiln recorded in ancient China. It was first published in 1637 a.d. by song Yingxing, a scientist of Ming Dynasty. It is a comprehensive and systematic summary of agricultural and handicraft production technology in Ming Dynasty and previous dynasties. There are three volumes and eighteen chapters in the book, and the article "Tao Xun" is divided into four chapters: tile, brick, poppy urn and white porcelain with celadon. Among them, white porcelain with celadon is dedicated to porcelain production. From this we can learn about the porcelain production in Ming Dynasty, especially the porcelain making technology in Jingdezhen, including the firing of gourd kiln. In order to facilitate readers to understand the position of Hulu kiln from the whole process of porcelain making, the text of the chapter "white porcelain with celadon" and the illustrations of Hulu kiln are transcribed in the full text: "where white clay is called chalky clay, it is used for fine pottery. There are only five or six places in China, Dingzhou in Zhending, Huating in Pingliang, Pingding in Taiyuan and Yuzhou in Kaifeng in the north, Dehua in quanjun in the south, Wuyuan and Qimen in Huijun. (in other places, the clay pottery is not sticky, or the wall is plastered.) Dehua kiln is not suitable for practical use because it only makes porcelain immortals, exquisite figures and playthings. It is produced by porcelain kilns in Zhenxian and Kaixian counties. The color is yellow, but there is no precious light. Merging several counties is not as good as Rao County in Jiangxi Province. Chuzhou, Zhejiang Province, Lishui, Longquan two Yi, baked rust cups, bowls, green black as lacquer, known as the kiln. At the foot of Hualiu mountain in Longquan during the song and Yuan Dynasties, there were Zhang's kilns, which produced valuable money. Ruofu, a famous hunter of four ethnic Chinese, is the product of Jingdezhen, Fuliang, Rao County. This town has been a place for firing utensils since ancient times, but it does not produce clay. Soil from Wuyuan and Qimen Mountains: one is Gaoliang mountain, producing japonica rice soil, which is hard; the other is Kaihua mountain, producing glutinous rice soil, which is soft. The porcelain is made by the combination of the two earth. The soil was made into blocks and transported to the town by boat. The builder divided the soil into mortar and pounded it for one day, then put it into a jar to clear the water. The material floating up is fine material, and the material falling down is coarse material. In the fine material tank, if it floats up again, it is the most fine material if it leans over, and the medium material if it sinks to the bottom. After Chengcheng, the square pond was built with bricks, and the fire kiln was forced to take advantage of the firepower. Pour the clarified mud into the water and suck it dry, then mix it with clean water to make the billet. There are two kinds of porcelain body, one is printing ware, such as bottles, urn, stove, and so on, and the other is imperial ware, such as porcelain screen and candlestick. First of all, yellow clay is used to make the impression, either broken, or cut, or whole. Then it is printed with white clay and coated with rust water to close the seam. When it is burned out, it will become seamless. On the one hand, round utensils, such as cups and plates of hundreds of millions of sizes, are necessary for daily use. Among them, 19 are made, while 11 are printed. The pottery cart was made first. Car vertical wood, buried three feet into the soil to make it stable. The top is about two feet high, and the bottom is a disc. The edge of the disc is rotated with a short bamboo stick. The top of the disc is carved into a helmet head with sandalwood in the middle. When making cups and plates, there is no fixed pattern. Hold the clay helmets in both hands and turn the plates. Cut off the nail with your thumb, press the bottom of the mud, and then turn the big finger thin and upward, forming the shape of a slab and a bowl. (beginners are allowed to pay for their work, and they are allowed to take mud from the broken billet for recycling.) If you have done a lot of work, you must be as good as a model. For those who make small pieces on the top of helmets, there is no need to add mud. For those who make medium plates and large bowls, the mud will be added to make them bigger, so that they will dry and then work. After the fingers are turned into a blank, they are covered with helmets to make a seal, which is slightly moistened in the sun. Another seal is dried in the sun to make it extremely white and dry. After entering the water for one week, they are covered with helmets, and they are cut twice with sharp knives. (the pulse of the hand vibrates slightly when passing the knife, and the bird's mouth is formed when it is burned.) Then fill up the broken, on the car rotation circle, circle or painting or calligraphy, after painting water several mouth, and then rust. All for broken and thousand bell millet and brown cup, do not use green material. If you want to be a chopper, you will get hot in the sun after the sharp knife. You can dip it in water and burn it. Thousand bell millet is rust pulp quick point, Brown is old tea fried water also. (ancient pieces are highly valued in Japan, and the real ones do not hesitate to spend a thousand dollars. I don't know how to make the broken pieces of the ancient censer. There are iron nails at the bottom. The nails cover the light and the color is not rusty.) The white porcelain rust of fanrao town is made of xiaogangzui mud and peach bamboo leaf ash. It looks like a clear swill juice (the porcelain fairy of quanjun uses Songmao water to mix mud, and the celadon glaze of Chujun is not shown in detail). It is filled in the jar. If all the utensils pass through the glaze, first swing the inside and then dip the outside with a finger to coat the string. Every painting bowl green material is always unknown. (a painter's frying oil is also used to keep the fire away.) This object does not grow deep soil, floating on the ground, deep hori under three feet, each province has it. Also identify the material, medium material, material, when using the first cluster of red charcoal calcined. The upper one is emerald, the middle one is slightly green, and the lower one is near earth brown. The upper one is only seven Liang per kilo, while the middle and lower ones are reduced by one time. For example, fine ware and imperial ware, such as dragon and Phoenix, are all painted with the above materials, so the price of each stone is worth twenty-four liang of silver, half of which is in the middle, and only three of which is in the bottom. The materials used in Rao town are those in the mountains of Qu and Xin counties, which are called Zhejiang materials. Those who are higher in the upper cities are the middle, while those in Fengcheng are the lower. After the material has been calcined, the bowl should be studied with great care (the bottom of the bowl is thick and not turned to rust), then the water will be painted, and the color of the soap will be green when it is investigated. For those who make the broken utensils purple cup, wet them with rouge, wrap the iron thread button, put the broken utensils in it, heat them with charcoal fire, and then wipe them with wet rouge. It is not the cinnabar in the world that can keep the red substance in the fire. (Xuan Hongyuan was lost at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, and Zhengde Zhongli was rebuilt.) After the porcelain was painted and rusted, it was put into a sagger. (it's loaded with a little weight in hand, and then it's burned out the next day. It's a mouth that doesn't return to normal.) The bowl is made of coarse mud. One of the mud cakes holds a utensil, and the empty bottom is filled with sand. The large utensils are packed in a box, and the small utensils are more than ten, a total of one bowl. A good pot will burn more than ten times, and a bad one or two will be bad. All saggers are put into the kiln, and then the fire is raised. The twelve round eyes above the kiln are called skylights. Fire is full of twelve hours. When the first fire is ten, the fire will attack from the bottom, and then when the skylight throws firewood for two, the fire will penetrate from the top to the bottom. The utensil is as soft as cotton wadding in the fire. Take one with iron fork to test the fire. Identify the true foot, however

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