The Huangpu River

The Huangpu River

This entry is compiled and applied by "popular science China" Science Encyclopedia

to examine

.

Huangpu River is the landmark river of Shanghai. It flows through the urban area of Shanghai and divides Shanghai into Puxi and Pudong. The Huangpu River is an important waterway in Shanghai. After entering the Wusong River (Suzhou River) outside the center of Shanghai, the Yangtze River is injected into the Yangtze River at Wusong estuary. It is the last tributary of the Yangtze River before it enters the East China Sea.

The Huangpu River is 113 km long and 300-770 m wide. Huangpu River starts from Dianshan Lake in Dianfeng, Zhujiajiao Town, Qingpu District, Shanghai. Dianshan Lake receives a lot of water from Taihu Lake Basin. "Pu" is the meaning of river in ancient Wu language, generally refers to artificial river. The lower reaches of Huangpu River were once known as huangxiepu and chunshenjiang. Some people think that it is because Shanghai was once the fief of huangxie, Chunshenjun of Chu state in Warring States period.

The two sides of Huangpu have gathered the essence of Shanghai's city landscape.

Many automobile tunnels and bridges have been built on the Huangpu River. Huangpu River is a multi-functional river with the value of drinking water source, shipping, flood drainage, fishery and tourism.

Historical changes

Huangpu River is one of the earliest rivers to be dredged manually in history. There is a legend about the excavation of Huangpu River. Once upon a time, Shanghai was a desolate swamp with a shallow river winding in the middle. If there is more rain, there will be a flood; if there is less rain, the bottom of the river will turn to the sky. People suffered a lot and cursed it as "guillotine River". During the Warring States period, yin and Huang Xie, the commander of the state of Chu, came to the Bank of the "Duantou River" and worked hard to find out the origin and development of the river. They led the people to dredge it and make it flow northward directly into the Yangtze River Estuary and into the East China Sea. From then on, both sides of the river were not afraid of drought and flood, and lived and worked in peace and contentment. Thanks to Huang Xie's kindness, people called this river huangxiejiang, or Huangpu for short. Later, Huang Xie was granted Chunshenjun, also known as chunshenjiang. Huang Xie was one of the famous four gentlemen in the Warring States period. He had 3000 diners and many families.

In the Southern Song Dynasty, it was once known as Huangpu Tang, Huangpu port, Huangpu and Dahuangpu. In the Qing Dynasty, it was called Huangpu River, also known as Huanglongpu, huangxiepu and chunshenpu. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, "autumn waves in Huangpu" was a major landscape. On August 18 of the lunar calendar, the scene of "silver waves standing like mountains" can be seen in Lujiazui.

Before the Ming Dynasty, Wusong River (Suzhou River) was the main channel to the sea of Taihu Lake, and Huangpu River (formerly known as "Huangpu") was its tributary. At that time, the lower reaches of the Wusong River roughly went from Beixinjing to tanziwan through today's Caoyang New Village, then to the northeast, connected with Qiujiang road to Qiujiang wharf, and then flowed into the Yangtze River along the Huangpu River in the north section of today's Fuxing island. At that time, Huangpu originally flowed into Wusong River (once called huangpukou here) near Jiaxing Road and bridge via Shanghai port (now Hongkou port). At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, because of the serious siltation of the Wusong River and the siltation of the Huangpu estuary, Xia Yuanji was dredged by the Ministry of finance at the time. The tributaries of the northern and southern tributaries of the Wusong River were dredged, and the Taihu water was injected into the Liuhe river and the White River was directly injected into the Yangtze River ("blocking the song into the river"), and dredged the fan Jia Bang in the northeast of Shanghai county (that is, the baidu bridge outside the Huangpu River to the Fuxing Island section), so that the Huangpu flows northward from the Fuxing island to the Northwest to the Wusong estuary and into the Yangtze River. Since then, Wusongkou has actually become Huangpu, so there is a saying that "Huangpu seizes song".

According to the records of Shanghai county government written by Tongzhi of the Qing Dynasty, Xia Yuanji, the Minister of household affairs in Yongle of the Ming Dynasty, dredged Dahuangpu, confluenced Wusong River, and connected fanjiabang to Wusong estuary. Hai Rui presided over the construction of dam and sluice port on the east side of Jinhui port of gudongjiang River (known as Hengliaojing at that time), which made most of the upstream water turn north to Huangpu, washed the riverbed of the lower reaches of Wusong River, and completely solved the siltation problem of Wusong River. Wusong River, one of the "Three Rivers", also became a tributary of Huangpu. The current Huangpu River was formed after the Hengliaojing river flowed northward. At the same time, only a small amount of incoming water passed through the sluice port and entered the sea directly through the old waterway, which made the channel of the lower reaches of the gudongjiang River silted up continuously. Later, this section of the river was also known as the sluice port.

Main stream situation

There are three upper sources of Huangpu River, and the main water sources are Taihu Lake and Dianshan Lake. It connects Taihu Lake in the southwest and flows into the Yangtze River in the northeast, with a total length of 114 km. The river is about 4 kilometers wide. The upstream tributaries converge in Songjiang County, hereinafter referred to as Huangpu River. From west to East, they pass through Fengxian and Shanghai counties, turn due north near Zhagang, reach Longhua, flow into the east of Shanghai urban area and Chuansha and Baoshan counties, and reach Wusongkou from the confluence of Songjiang trunk stream, with a length of 83 km. In the eastern part of the urban area, the section from Xinkaihe River to Jiangbian wharf is in the southern urban area, bounded by the river, which is divided into Pudong and Puxi

.

In Minhang District (former Shanghai county), the east bank flows through Pujiang Town (former Luhui, Duhang and Chenhang townships), the north bank and West Bank flows through Maqiao Town, laominhang Town, Wujing town and Zhuanqiao town. With a total length of nearly 30 km, it starts from the nuerjingkou in the west, reaches the Zhagang in the East and turns to the Xupu Bridge in the north. The river is wide and deep, and can pass 3000-10000 DWT ships. It is a first-class waterway.

The section from nuerjing to Zhagang is called nanhuangpu, the southern part of which is Songjiang and Fengxian counties, and the former part is Jinshan County. The northern part of the river is the old Minhang Economic Development Zone, with a width of 300-450 meters and a bottom elevation of about 110 meters. The section from Zhagang to the north is called donghuangpu, with a width of 600-700 meters and a river bed deepening to about 115 meters. After passing Longhua Town, Xuhui District, the river surface is about 450 meters .

The 10000 ton ship can be traced back to Wujing. Due to the great influence of the Yangtze River and ocean tides, the fluctuation of water level is relatively significant. Other rivers are also affected by it, with rising tide and falling tide. River water level is generally lower in winter than in summer. The flood season is from May to October, and the dry season is from December to February. The water of Huangpu River has a certain sediment content. At high tide, the river water carries sediment into other river ports in the county. At low tide, the flow velocity slows down and some sediment deposits, which makes the riverbed continuously shallow. As a result, the river course in the county needs to be dredged every 7-10 years. At present, sluice gates are built at the outlets of main rivers to prevent the invasion of high tide, control the water level of inland rivers and reduce the siltation of rivers.

Huangpu River flows through Qingpu, Songjiang, Fengxian, Minhang, Xuhui, Luwan, Huangpu, Hongkou, Yangpu, Pudong New Area and Baoshan 11 districts, and then flows into the Yangtze River at Wusongkou. It is 113.4 km long. The drainage area is about 24000 square kilometers.

Huangpu River system takes up 78% of the total discharge of Taihu Lake, and is the most important channel of Taihu Lake system flowing into the Yangtze River. Located in the front of the Yangtze River Delta, the water potential is gentle and deeply affected by the tide. The maximum velocity of the incoming tide can reach 2 meters per second, and the maximum velocity of the ebb tide is 1.8 meters per second. Huangpu River is the main source of domestic water and industrial water for Shanghai residents, and has the comprehensive functions of shipping, flood discharge, irrigation, fishery, tourism, climate regulation and so on.

The upstream river water can be used for domestic water. Under Longhua, it is mainly used for navigation. The river is about 550 meters wide, the maximum water depth is 17.4 meters, and the water depth at the shallowest part of the channel is 9.1 meters. The Huangpu River channel from Wusongkou to Songpu bridge can pass 10000 ton ships, Songpu bridge to Maozhu port can pass 1000 ton ships, both sides below Longhua port are loading and unloading areas, and some shoals above Longhua port. More than 60% of Shanghai's imported goods and 98% of Shanghai's foreign trade materials enter and leave through this channel, and the annual passenger traffic volume of the passenger line is more than 6 million.

hydrographic features

The runoff of Huangpu River is relatively stable throughout the year, and the annual distribution is relatively uniform, with an average flow of 324 cubic meters per second. Influenced by the tidal current in the Yangtze River Estuary, the current in Huangpu River moves back and forth. According to the statistics of Songpu bridge hydrological station 80 km away from the estuary, the average annual net discharge is 319 cubic meters per second, and the converted net discharge is 10 billion cubic meters, all of which are from Taihu Lake Basin. Therefore, the passenger water of the Yangtze River Estuary and Taihu Lake is regulated and stored by Huangpu River, together with the tidal inflow of each coastal estuary and river island, and the runoff generated by local rainfall, the total surface water resources of Shanghai can reach more than 59 billion cubic meters, with the per capita possession of 5240 cubic meters per year, which is twice the national per capita possession, and the water resources are relatively abundant.

According to the data statistics of Wusongkou tide station, the average high tide level is 3.25 meters, the average low tide level is 1.02 meters, the average tidal range is 2.20 meters, the average duration of tide rise is 4 hours 34 minutes, the average duration of ebb is 7 hours 52 minutes, showing irregular semidiurnal tide. The tidal wave is gradually deformed from the estuary to the upstream, the duration of rising tide is shortened, and the duration of falling tide is prolonged. The maximum flood volume of Pujiang estuary is 125 million cubic meters (lasting for 5 hours and 41 minutes). The average net inflow of each tide is about 58 million cubic meters, and the average annual inflow is more than 44 billion cubic meters. Therefore, it is said that "the rising tide of the East Sea flows into the Yangtze River".

The Huangpu River is the confluence of Lake sources, and the sediment mainly enters from the rising tide of Wusong estuary. Generally, the suspended sediment concentration in the downstream is greater than that in the upstream, that in the rising tide is greater than that in the falling tide, that in the spring tide is higher than that in the neap tide, and that in the water near the beach is greater than that in the main channel. Influenced by the water and sediment from the Yangtze River, the riverbed of the lower reaches of Huangpu River has obvious characteristics of "flood silting and dry scouring". The seasonal scouring and silting range is 0.4 ~ 1.2m, which is slightly larger than that of the channel of the Yangtze River Estuary.

Water system composition

Qingpu District

Taipu River

Taipu River is located in the southwest of Qingpu District. Because of the communication between Taihu Lake and Huangpu River, it is named. From 1958 to 1991, it was formed by manual excavation on the basis of natural lakes. It starts from the East Bank of Taihu Lake in Miaogang Township, Wujiang City, Jiangsu Province in the west, ends at chijiagang village, Jinze Town, Qingpu District in the East, and enters into Shanghai. It faces the XiMao river at Nandagang, Liantang Town

Chinese PinYin : Huang Pu Jiang