Maoling

Maoling

Maoling is located in the northeast of Xingping City, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province. It is 12 kilometers away from Xingping City in the West and 15 kilometers away from Xianyang City in the East. Its north is far away from jiugu mountain, and its south is far away from Zhongnan mountain. Maoling mausoleum is the mausoleum of Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. It is the largest Mausoleum of the Han Dynasty with the longest construction time and the richest burial objects. It is known as the "pyramid of China".

Maoling was built in the second year of Jianyuan (139 BC) to the second year of Houyuan (087 BC), which took 53 years. Accompanying tombs include those of Mrs. Li, Wei Qing, Huo Qubing, Huo Guang and Jin RIYUAN.

On March 4, 1961, Maoling was announced by the State Council as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units.

In August 2014, 29 mausoleums of the Han and Tang Dynasties, including Maoling mausoleum, were listed in the world cultural heritage declaration project.

geographical environment

Xianyang plain, the hinterland of Guanzhong and the intersection of Jing and Wei rivers, is the main assembly site of the imperial mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty. In the Western Han Dynasty, in 214, 11 emperors built 11 mausoleums, nine of which are located on the Xianyang plain. Among them, the most prominent mausoleums are the five mausoleums, namely the mausoleum of emperor Gaozu, the mausoleum of emperor Huidi, the mausoleum of emperor Jingdi, the mausoleum of Emperor Wudi and the mausoleum of emperor Zhaodi. At that time, the five mausoleums were all managed by mausoleums, so they were called "Wulingyuan". In ancient poems, there are descriptions of "Wuling young struggle for the head" and "Wuling Qiu Ma self light and fat".

It is said that Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, found a unicorn like animal and an evergreen fruit tree near Maoxiang in the course of hunting. He believed that Maoxiang was a treasure land of geomantic omen, so he ordered to ban it and began to build a mausoleum. This place originally belonged to Maoxiang of Huaili County in Han Dynasty, so it was called Maoling.

The overall geographical features of Maoling are the Loess landforms of Weihe plain in the Loess Plateau, which are uneven in North and south. Natural vegetation is good, with regional characteristics. This zone belongs to geothermal water rich layer.

Historical evolution

In the second year of emperor Jianyuan (139 BC), the Han Empire recruited tens of thousands of craftsmen and corvees to build Maoling in Maoxiang township of Huaili county (now Xingping City, Shaanxi Province), and completed it in the second year of Houyuan (87 BC), which lasted 53 years. According to the biography of Suo GUI in the book of Jin, "the emperor of the Han Dynasty became a mausoleum one year after he ascended the throne. One third of the world's tribute was given to the ancestral temple, one for the guests, and one for the mausoleum." That is to say, Emperor Hanwu spent one third of the total tax revenue of the whole country as the cost of building tombs and collecting funerary objects. When the mausoleum was built, more than 3000 craftsmen and art masters were recruited from all over the country.

In the second year of the second Yuan Dynasty (87 BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty died and went to the front hall of Weiyang palace. According to the records of Xijing Zaji, "the jade casket of Zhuru was used by the Han emperor when he died. The casket was shaped like armor, with gold thread." In Zigong palace, Emperor Wu had cicada jade in his mouth and wore a Golden Jade box. "All the boxes are engraved with the images of Jiaolong, Luan, Phoenix, turtle and Lin, which are called Jiaolong jade boxes in the world."

In the sixth year of Yuanshou, Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty (117 BC), Hou Huoqubing, the champion of Hushi general, died of illness. He was only 24 years old. He was buried 1 km east of Maoling, and his tomb looked like Qilian Mountain.

In 106 B.C. in the fifth year of Yuanfeng reign of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, Hou Weiqing, the commander of the great general of the great Sima, died of illness and was buried one kilometer northeast of Maoling. The tomb looks like Mount Lushan, juxtaposed with Huo Qubing's.

In the first year of Taishi (96 BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty moved the heroes of the prefecture to Maoling.

In February of the second year of Emperor Wu's reign (87bc), Emperor Wu was on a tour. He died of illness in wuzha palace in Zhouzhi and was buried in the front hall of Weiyang palace. On the 18th day after his death, he was buried in Maoling. Huo Guang made the late Mrs. Li empress Xiaowu Li. Mrs. Li's tomb was moved to Maoling.

In the third year of the first Yuan Dynasty (84 BC), the mausoleum of the Han Dynasty was stolen and excavated. Four years later, someone bought jade boxes and sticks from the tomb in Fufeng (now Fufeng County, Shaanxi Province).

In the first year of Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty (73 BC), Maoling was set up in Maoling County, and more than 60000 families, up to 277000 people, were resettled.

In the second year of Yuankang (64 BC), Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty, Maoling mausoleum was stolen and excavated. Li you, from Hedong County, went to Baodu mountain of Shangdang to collect herbs. He got 30 volumes of miscellaneous scriptures from the underground palace of Emperor Wu in the cliff and filled them with gold boxes.

In the 25th year of Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty, the red eyebrow army retreated from Chang'an and dug Maoling on its way to the West.

In the first year of Chuping (190), Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty, Dong Zhuo sent Lv Bu to excavate the mausoleum.

In 881, Huang Chao invaded Chang'an and sent troops to excavate Maoling mausoleum.

In 1697, local officials erected a stone tablet in front of Huo Qubing's tomb.

In mengqiu, 1777, the 42nd year of Qianlong reign of the Qing Dynasty, Bi Yuan, governor of Shaanxi Province, erected stone tablets in front of mausoleum, lady Li, Wei Qing, Huo Qubing and Huo Guang's tombs. The tombstone of Huo Guang has been damaged and the rest is in good condition.

In 1931, Zhang Ji, the head of the Preparatory Committee of Xijing, set up Maoling primary school in the north of Huo Qubing's tomb, and set up a "Maoling office" in the school. Hu Jiping, the director, was responsible for the management of cultural relics. Two tile roofed houses were built on both sides of the south side of the tomb, and nine stone carvings were moved to the room.

Mausoleum pattern

Maoling mausoleum is a typical example of thick burial in the Han Dynasty.

One is Zi palace. The Zi palace in Maoling is composed of five coffins, two coffins and five layers of coffins, which are placed on the coffin bed in the middle of the coffin room at the back of the tomb. The second half of the tomb is a coffin chamber, which has two layers. The inner layer is made of flat standing wood, with a gap in the south, and the outer layer is made of yellow intestines. The wood used for the fifth coffin is Catalpa bungei, sassafras and Phoebe. The three kinds of wood are hard and fine in texture, resistant to moisture and strong in corrosion resistance.

The second is Huang Chang. The so-called "Huang Chang Ti CuO" is called "Huang Chang". The wood is introverted, so it is called "topic collection". According to the historical records, after the death of the emperor, the Yellow intestines were polished smooth and laborious. They were made of 15880 yellow intestines of 90cm in length and 10cm in height and 10cm in width.

The third is the convenience room. Around the Zi palace, there are four gates and a toilet. The function and purpose of defecation room is "sitting in Tibet"

. To put it simply, the living room is a place for living people to live and enjoy. The most precious things they thought were buried in the tomb with the dead, so that they can be enjoyed in the nether world.

The fourth is the underground palace. The "pyramid" of Maoling, under the high rammed earth mound, is its core building, the underground palace, which has become "Fangzhong". When Zhang Tang was transferred to Maoling, one of his specific projects was "Fangzhong" construction. The interior of Fangzhong is rich and colorful.

The shape of the main Mausoleum

Maoling is 46.5 meters high, 39.25 meters long from east to west and 40.60 meters wide from north to south. Bottom length: 243 meters in the East, 238 meters in the west, 239 meters in the South and 234 meters in the north. According to the records of Guanzhong, "all the mausoleums in the Han Dynasty are 12 Zhang high, with a square of 120 steps, while Maoling mausoleum is 14 Zhang high, with a square of 140 steps."

The above-mentioned data are basically consistent with those measured today. The total area is 56878.25 square meters, and the volume of soil sealing is 848592.92 cubic meters. The mausoleum is square in shape, with a flat top, small top and large bottom. It looks solemn and steady.

Accompanying tombs

The strangeness of mausoleum accompanying tombs and other Han tombs is that they all have the meaning of "symbol", such as Wei Qing tomb, Huo Qubing tomb, Madame Li tomb and so on.

The tomb of Huo Qubing

"The tomb is like Qilian Mountain". In the sixth year of Yuanshou (117 BC), Huo Qubing, a 24-year-old Hushi general, died of illness and was posthumously named Marquis Jinghuan. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was very sad about Huo Qubing's death. He sent Xuanjia army to line up along Chang'an to Huoqubing cemetery in Maoling. His tomb is like "Qilian Mountain" in recognition of his immortal merits. The bottom of Huo Qubing's tomb is 101.50 meters long from north to South and 73 meters wide from east to west. The top is 15 meters long from north to South and 8 meters wide from east to west, covering an area of 5841.33 square meters, with a soil sealing volume of 62961.24 cubic meters. Up and down the tomb, around the cemetery, there are jagged rocks, green pines and cypresses, which shade the body of the tomb. In the South and north of the tomb, there are two winding paths leading to the top of the tomb. It has become one of the first national "AAAA" tourist attractions.

Tomb of Wei Qing

"For the tomb like Lushan (Yinshan)". Wei Qing, Huo Qubing's uncle, was a great general of the great Sima in the Han Dynasty. He beat the Xiongnu seven times, galloped at the foot of Yinshan Mountain, recovered Hetao area and made great contributions. Although Wei Qing had made great achievements in the war and had power over the government and opposition, he never formed a party. He was considerate of the soldiers and could share the joys and sorrows with them. In the fifth year of Yuanfeng (106 BC), Wei Qing passed away, posthumously named liehou, and was buried with his nephew Huo Qubing in the mausoleum of Maoling.

Weiqing tomb is 113.5 meters long in the East, 90 meters long in the south, 67.6 meters long in the north, 62 meters long in the West and 24.72 meters high. It covers an area of 8064.55 square meters and has a volume of 94412 cubic meters. The northwest corner is concave, while the southwest corner is protruding. It looks like a hill in the distance. The south slope is steep, the north slope is long and gentle, and there is a platform in the middle.

Tomb of Madame Li

It is called Yingling in history. Empress Wei Zifu could not be buried in Maoling mausoleum because of witchcraft. Gou Yi, the mother of emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty, was also convicted and buried in Ganquan palace. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty died, General Ma Bo Lu Hou Huo Guang made lady Li queen. The Han Dynasty records that Mrs. Li was buried as a queen.

The tomb is tall, shaped like a millstone, small at the top and big at the bottom

Chinese PinYin : Mao Ling