Nanni Temple

Naining Qude Temple

synonym

Nanni Temple generally refers to Nanning Qude temple

Naning Qude temple, located in Kangma County, Shigatse Prefecture, is located in Nanni township to the north of the county. It is located in the valley of the upper reaches of the Nianchu river. The temple is 10km away from Jiangzi County in the north, 40km away from Kangma County in the south, Zhaxi Dajie mountain in the East and Nianchu River in the west, with an altitude of 4100m.

On October 7, 2019, it will be included in the list of the eighth batch of national key cultural relics protection units.

Origin and legend

Naning Qude temple, also known as "Nanni Temple". Founded in the period of Tubo Dynasty, the founder was a Qiang Jia qiangbaisanbu. It is said that a Qiangjia qiangbaisanbu was an ancient Indian monk and a disciple of master lianhuasheng. After master lianhuasheng established the Sangye temple, he came to the valley on the upper reaches of the Nianchu river. He saw that the mountains on the West Bank of the river were like an elephant crawling on the ground. It was a place to promote Buddhism, that is, he presided over the construction of Naning Qude temple.

architectural style

Naning Qude temple has a long history. It is the largest temple in Kangma county and the south of Kangma county.

Its architecture can be divided into four periods

Architecture in Tubo Period

During the Tubo Dynasty, naining Qude temple covers an area of about 90000 square meters. Around the temple, there are three rammed earth walls (the middle wall and the outer wall have been destroyed). Within the inner wall is now Ningqu temple, covering an area of 65280 square meters (384 meters long from north to South and 170 meters wide from east to West). The buildings include enclosure, Buddha Hall, pagoda, ozizacang, jichazacang, qukangzacang, dingjizacang, ergusha zacang, nabuzzacang, etc. The wall is made of rammed earth. It is 5 meters high and 2 meters thick. It can run horses on the wall. There is a rammed earth watchtower (destroyed) in the northeast corner of the wall. The building in the wall is divided into two parts: the south is the Buddhist hall, the ozizacang and three pagodas. The Buddhist hall faces east in the west, covering an area of 442 square meters (26 meters in length from east to west and 17 meters in width from north to South); the western end is the Buddhist hall, and the eastern end is the Sutra hall. About 23 meters to the north of the hall is ozizacang, which faces east and West, covering an area of 720 square meters (30 meters long from east to west and 24 meters wide from north to South). There are monk rooms on both sides of the entrance, patio in the middle and Buddha Hall in the back. There are three pagodas between the Fotang and ozizacang. To the south of the Fotang is the cemetery of aqangjia qiangbaisanbu, on which a Dharma protection temple was built. In the north are Jicha, Dingji, Qukang, ergusha, nabuzacang and pagoda. The pagoda is located in the center of five ZHACANG pagodas. It is a stone pagoda in the shape of a mandala. The pedestal is square, 10 meters long and 1 meter high. On the pedestal is a disc-shaped body, 9 meters in diameter and 1.5 meters high. In the center of the pagoda is a square core, 3 meters long and 1.5 meters high. Jichazacang is located in the south of the pagoda, facing north and south, covering an area of 2400 square meters. The murals on the walls of the hall are painted in red, white, yellow and green, with simple colors, lines and composition. Dingjizha warehouse is located in the north of the pagoda, facing south, three stories high, two into five, covering an area of 180 square meters. Qukangzha warehouse is located in the east of the pagoda, covering an area of 300 square meters. It is now in ruins. Located in the west of the pagoda, EGU xiazhacang and nabuzacang face south. They are three story rammed earth buildings with two rooms and three rooms. Nabuzacang is in ruins.

Architecture of zongkaba period

Naining Qude temple was originally worshipped by Ningma sect, but it was changed to gadang sect when it arrived at adixia. In the 15th century, master zongkaba came to the temple twice to publicize the ideas and doctrines of religious reform, and later converted to Gelug Sect. During this period, a number of new buildings were built in Naning Qude temple. In the middle part of the west wall, a new Buddha Hall and a ZHACANG were built. The Buddha Hall faces east in the west, covering an area of 255 square meters (17 meters long from east to west and 15 meters wide from north to South); ZHACANG is located 10 meters north of the Buddha Hall, facing east in the west, covering an area of 475 square meters (25 meters long from North to South and 19 meters wide from east to West). All of them were destroyed during the "Cultural Revolution" period, and now there are only ruins left. On the south side of the Buddha Hall built in the Tubo Period, there is a Salazar storehouse, which was also built in the zongkaba period. It is a Salazar storehouse of Lhasa sera temple. It is built of stone and faces east. It covers an area of 645 square meters (43 meters long from north to South and 15 meters wide from east to West). It has two floors and more than 20 houses.

19th century architecture

Located in the central part of the western wall, there are 8 ZHACANG and Buddha halls, which were built by the biography of kenbuxiongnu, the lower secret courtyard of Lhasa. Xiongnuwei first built seting temple in Langda village, Kangma Township, Kangma county. Later, because he often traveled to Lhasa, Shigatse and other places, he built a Buddhist temple and seven zhakang temples in Naning Qude temple. As a place for the monks of seting temple to stay and chant sutras on their way to Lhasa and other places, it is called "Jiang Ru seting". Its Buddhist hall faces east from the west, with an area of 630 square meters (35 meters long from north to South and 18 meters wide from east to West); the largest area of ZHACANG is 450 square meters, and the smallest is 126 square meters. The building was destroyed in the "ten years of havoc", leaving only ruins.

Architecture of the 13th Dalai Lama

In 1904, the British invading army invaded Tibet. In order to defend Gyangze, the Tibetan army and the lamas of Naning Qude Temple took Naning Qude temple as their stronghold and bravely resisted the British Army's attack by virtue of the high and thick wall of the temple. After the end of the war, the 13th Dalai Lama, tudengjiacuo (1876-1933), in order to recognize the great contributions made by the lamas in the temple, built a new hall in the east of the original Buddha Hall built in the Tubo Period, namely naining Jokhang Temple. Naning Jokhang Temple is composed of scripture hall, Buddha Hall and monk's room. It faces south from the north. In front of the gate, there are four stone steps and five stone ladders. There are four pillars in the porch, covering an area of 35 square meters (7 meters long from east to west and 5 meters wide from north to South). There are two rooms on both sides of the porch, with stairs connected with the second floor. In the middle of the back of the porch is the gate of the Sutra hall, which is 1.7 meters wide. The Sutra hall covers an area of 672 square meters (28 meters long from east to west and 24 meters wide from north to South). There are 18 square columns in four rows. There are skylights above the four columns (0.37 meters in diameter) in the middle of the latter two rows. The four walls of the Sutra hall are painted with pictures of Sakyamuni, Tara and Vajra. Behind the Sutra hall is the Buddha Hall. The door is 2 meters wide and covers an area of 40 square meters (8 meters long from east to west and 5 meters wide from north to South). There are two columns. In the middle of the hall is a clay statue of Sakyamuni, a sitting statue about 2 meters high. On each side is a standing statue of a clay disciple about 2 meters high. On the east side of the hall is Lama LAKANG, with an area of 25 square meters and four columns in the middle. On the south side is a shrine, in which there is a 2.5-meter-wide and 1.3-meter-wide "Buddha statue of zhantan made by Emperor Ming". On the four walls of LAKANG are painted murals of Sakyamuni, Bodhisattva, Tara and Vajra. On the west side of the Buddha Hall is the props room, which stores the utensils for jumping gods and offering sacrifices.

Collection of cultural relics

Naning Qude temple is rich in cultural relics

Jihong cup in Ming Dynasty

The porcelain cup is open, arc wall and ring foot; the diameter is 11.4 cm, the bottom diameter is 7 cm, and the height is 10 cm; Jihong glaze is very thin, similar to eggshell. There are four round windows on the outer wall of the cup. The windows are white glazed and painted with eight immortals under the glaze. There are two kinds of utensils for each window, such as the bamboo Xiao of chaohanzi and the flower basket of he Xiangu. The porcelain cup is equipped with a Silver Carved saucer and a tea cover. At the bottom of the cup, it is written in regular script of "Ming Dynasty Chenghua year system". This cup is a treasure of ningqude temple. It is a special tea set for Dalai Lama to visit the temple.

Wood carving of "story of Buddha"

It is made of red sandalwood, 70 cm long and 25 cm wide. The lotus petals are carved around the wood carving, and the story is told by the Buddha in the middle relief. In the center of the relief is Sakyamuni sitting on an upside down rosette. It looks like a bun, with a right side overcoat. The left back is flat on the knee, and the right hand is drooping. The backlight is a blooming lotus. The relief on the left shows the scene of Sakyamuni's birth, going out of the city when he was young and young; the relief on the right shows the scene of Sakyamuni's running away from home, Enlightenment under the bodhi tree and nirvana. There are 36 statues and 8 pagodas. Most of the statues are naked and wearing shorts, with a typical Indian carving style. With exquisite craftsmanship and skillful techniques, it is a work of the Tubo dynasty or the early post Hongqi period in Tibet.

Three Buddha woodcarving with lotus petal pattern

It is 70 cm long, 25 cm wide and 4 cm thick. Three Buddha seats are carved in the middle, on which a statue of the Buddha sitting in a knot is carved. Around the Buddha seat are carved leaf patterns, small Buddhas and Dharma protectors. The middle Buddha seat is held by Yasha with both hands. Yasha wears a plain hat, naked upper body, shorts and kneels on the inverted lotus seat. The lower part of the Buddha seat is the double lion xumizuo, on which there is a lotus seat. Sakyamuni sits on the lotus seat with a high crown on his head, long earlobe and shoulders decorated with round earrings; his upper body is bare, with a necklace on his chest; his four arms, two of which are raised on the side, the other two on his left hand on his knee, and his right hand on his chest; behind him there is a light head. There are three flying Apsaras on the head: one is the frontal flying Apsaras, and the other is the lateral flying Apsaras on both sides. There are elephants, Capricorn fish and other animals on both sides of the Buddha. The wood carving is surrounded by double lotus petals. It is a work of the 14th century or so. It is exquisite and complicated, and has the artistic style of Jiduo sculpture in India.

Wood carving of Buddha with rolled leaf pattern

3 pieces, all of them are warp plates. It is 70 cm long, 27 cm wide and 4 cm thick, and its periphery is carved with rolled leaf pattern.

The first wood carving: the lion xumizuo in the middle. On the seat, the Buddha sits with his left hand flat on his knee. Behind him, his head is connected with light. His head is peach shaped. The left and right sides of the Buddha are all rolled leaf patterns.

The second wood carving: three rosettes in the middle. There is a Buddha statue on each rosette, all of which are sitting in a knot. In the center of the Buddha's left hand Zen seal, the right hand knot touchdown seal; in the left hand Zen seal; in the right hand Zen seal, the right hand fearless seal.

Chinese PinYin : Nan Ni Si