cole flowers

cole flowers

Brassica campestris (Brassica campestris), also known as Yun Tai, is an annual herb of Cruciferae, originated in Europe and Central Asia. In China, it is concentrated in Huangling of Wuyuan, Hanzhong Basin and Jiangling, Luoping plain of Yunnan and Menyuan plateau of Qinghai

Origin history

Since the founding of the people's Republic of China, rape, as the most important oil-bearing and economic crop, has developed steadily, and the promotion of new varieties has realized three revolutions. In the early days of the founding of the people's Republic of China, some excellent varieties of rape, such as qixingjian, Huangling, Jiangyuan, Jiangling, Xinghua and xishuibai, were promoted by variety selection and promotion, which greatly promoted the recovery and development of rape production in China.

After the mid-1950s, China began to promote the introduction of foreign Brassica napus - Shengli Brassica napus

Based on systematic breeding, a number of rapeseed varieties suitable for multiple cropping cultivation in China were selected, which realized the first revolution of the transformation of Chinese rapeseed varieties from cabbage type to cabbage type.

Since the 1970s, China has done a lot of research work on the utilization of Heterosis in rapeseed. Polima cytoplasmic male sterile line with practical value was first found in the world, and three line matching was first realized. Through the study of cytoplasmic male sterility, nuclear male sterility, self incompatibility, chemical emasculation, natural hybridization, parthenogenesis and radiation breeding methods, a number of new rapeseed varieties, such as glycerin 5 and Xiangyou 5, which play an important role in production, were selected. Statistics show that the planting area, yield per unit area and annual total yield of rape in China in 1950s were 29.035 million mu, 30.9 kg / mu and 887 thousand tons respectively.

In the 1960s, it was 23.815 million mu, 32.0 kg / mu and 786 thousand tons respectively. In the 1970s, it was 32.148 million mu, 45.4 kg / mu and 1.464 million tons respectively. In 1979, it reached 2.402 million tons, surpassing the highest yield in 1934 in Chinese history for the first time. The 1980s was a period of rapid growth of rapeseed production in China. Due to the popularization and application of high-yield and disease resistant varieties such as Zhongyou 821 and Qinyou 2, the yield per unit area of rapeseed in China has reached a new level, including planting area, yield level and annual total yield They are 63.683 million mu, 76.7 kg / mu and 4.884 million tons, respectively, which are 98.1%, 68.9% and 233.6% higher than those in the 1970s, realizing the second revolution of China's rape transformation to high, stable and high resistance.

In the 1990s, the planting area, yield per unit area and total yield continued to maintain a rapid growth momentum. In the first eight years of the 1990s (1990-1997), the average was 91.522 million mu, 88.5 kg / mu and 8.129 million tons, respectively, increasing by 43.7%, 15.4% and 66.4% compared with the 1980s. It is worth mentioning that after nearly 20 years of collaborative scientific and technological research by more than 20 scientific research institutions across the country, and major international cooperative research between China and Canada, Australia, the United States, a number of high-quality double low new varieties such as Zhongshuang 4, Huaza 4, Youyan 7, Zhongyouza 1 have continued to be popularized and applied in a large area, and more than 40 maturity stages, yield and resistance have been bred Double low rapeseed varieties or combinations with double high variety level. By 1998, the area of double low rapeseed in China was close to 30 million mu, which opened the prelude of the transformation of Chinese rapeseed production from single yield type to combination type of yield and quality, and began to realize the third revolution of the transformation of rapeseed varieties to high quality and efficiency.

morphological character

The plant is straight and clumped, the stem is green and yellow, the basal leaves are in a spiral growth, the stem leaves are generally alternate, without stipules. The flowers are bisexual, radially symmetrical, with 4 petals arranged in a cross shape. The petals are as yellow as rice paper. The stamens are usually 6, 4 long and 2 short, which are usually called "four strong stamens". The pistil is composed of two carpels, and the ovary is located at the top. The stem is cylindrical, the diameter is mostly between 0.1-0.8 cm, many branches, the stem is soft; the leaves are alternate, large, dark green, without petiole and stipule. 3、 In April, there are flowers on the stem tip, which are racemes with four yellow green sepals and four yellow cross shaped corolla. The fruit is a long horned fruit. In summer, when it matures, it splits and scatters seeds, which are purple black and yellow.

Rape flower four petals, neatly around the stamen, simple personality. The petals are very delicate, with fine lines, which can't be carved by a highly skilled sculptor. The stamens in the middle bend together, as if in a whisper. It has tough roots, dense leaves, and is as simple and rough as the farmers who planted them.

geographical distribution

They are mainly concentrated in the Huangling, Hanzhong Basin and the Yangtze River Basin in Wuyuan, Jiangxi Province.

Main value

Application value

Rape flowers are rich in pollen. The oil content of seeds is 35 ~ 50%, which can be used as oil or feed. In addition, the tender stems and leaves of rape flowers can also be used as vegetables.

Rape flower is the largest raw material of edible vegetable oil in China.

The fruit juice made from rape flowers is said to have the effect of preventing hypertension, anemia and cold.

economic value

The development of rape industry in China rape is the most important oil crop in China,

The oil content of seeds is 33% - 50%. Since 1995, the annual planting area is 100 million mu, with an annual output of nearly 10 million tons of rapeseed, accounting for 40% - 45% of the total output of oil crops (excluding soybeans), and about 6 million tons of rapeseed meal. The protein content of meal is as high as 40%. The amino acid composition of rapeseed protein is reasonable. The lysine content of rapeseed protein is equal to that of soybean, while the content of lysine, methionine and other sulfur-containing amino acids is higher than that of soybean protein. Rapeseed protein is the largest high-quality feed protein source to be developed and utilized in China. Rape is not only used to extract edible oil and feed, but also to make margarine and artificial protein in food industry. It is also widely used in metallurgy, machinery, rubber, chemical industry, paint, textile, soap making, papermaking, leather and medicine, and has important economic value.

Ornamental value

Rape flower has important economic value and ornamental value. It is a tourist resource. When rape enters the flowering season, the field is golden. Yu Shao said: "rape flowers are blooming all over the ground, butterflies dance among the bushes, bees are busy; the breeze blows the golden waves, and the tulips are intoxicating.". Rape flowers are in full bloom, and the pollen is rich in nectar, which leads to butterflies and bees flying among the flowers. The rich fragrance of flowers makes people intoxicated, and the beautiful scenery makes people linger.

Huangling, Wuyuan, Jiangxi

Wuyuan rape flower is a beautiful and magnificent artificial landscape in Wuyuan County. The most beautiful season in Wuyuan is when rape flowers bloom. Rape flower has become the best green resource to attract tourists.

Huangling, about 500 meters above sea level, is located 7 kilometers southeast of Jiangwan Town, the east line of Wuyuan tourism. It is under the jurisdiction of limukeng village committee of Jiangwan Town. This is the hometown of Cao Wenyu and Cao Zhenyong, the prime ministers of the Qing Dynasty. The ancient village of Huangling is surrounded by mountains. Due to the limitation of the terrain, the dwellings are arranged high and low, and the surrounding ancient trees are towering and terraced fields are densely covered. The villagers can only use bamboo plaques to dry their crops on the wooden frame in front of their windows, forming a unique agricultural custom landscape of "Huangling drying autumn".

The rape flower in Wuyuan, Jiangxi Province is such a charm. Wuyuan, Jiangxi Province is known as "the most beautiful village in China". Yu Shao said in his poem, "rape flowers bloom all over rehmannia, butterflies dance among the bushes, bees are busy; the breeze blows the golden waves, and the tulips are intoxicating.". Pollen is rich in nectar, which often leads to butterflies and bees flying among the flowers, thus adding to the rural landscape. In the middle and late March, pink peach blossoms and white pear blossoms are dotted in the wild golden rape flowers all over the mountains, and the Hui style buildings with white walls and gray tiles are hidden, so that everyone who flees from the numerous cities can find a home.

Luoping, Yunnan

Every year after the Spring Festival, Luoping Bazi is a sea of rape flowers. This is probably the strangest sea in the world. It is golden, it is rippling with fragrance, it is playing pastoral.

From February to March every year, the 800000 Mu rape flowers in Luoping Bazi are in full bloom, flowing with gold, stretching for tens of miles, like the golden waves of the sea, surging ocean. Those who set foot in it all sigh that Luoping is the "hometown of gold and jade". Luoping rape flower sea, villages dot, stockade; one after another karst cone mountain, dotted Luoping rape flower sea, like a fairyland, constitute a wonderful picture.

Menyuan, Qinghai

Menyuan rape flower is a beautiful and magnificent artificial landscape in Menyuan County of Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province. Menyuan County is the birthplace of small rape in the north, and the largest small rape planting area in China and even in the world, with a planting area of 500000 mu.

Rape flowers are planted from qingshizui on the Bank of Haomen River in the west, yulongtan on the Bank of Datong River in the East, Lenglongling on the border with Gansu Province in the north and gaojun in the south

Chinese PinYin : You Cai Hua