Wenhua Hall

Wenhua hall was built in 1420, the 18th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty. It is located to the east of the Xiehe gate of the outer court, facing the Wuying hall from east to west. Wenhua hall is the eastern palace of the crown prince in Ming Dynasty, and the place for holding Jingyan in Qing Dynasty. The Wenyuan Pavilion at the back of the hall is a library where more than 49000 volumes of Sikuquanshu were collected.

Wenhua Hall

Wenhua hall was built in 1420, the 18th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty. It is located to the east of the Xiehe gate of the outer court, facing the Wuying hall from east to west. Wenhua hall was the place where the crown prince watched the government in the Ming Dynasty, and the place where Jingyan was held in the Qing Dynasty. The Wenyuan Pavilion at the back of the hall is a library where more than 49000 volumes of Sikuquanshu were collected.

Because Wenhua hall is located in the east of the Forbidden City, and once served as a "place for the prince to see things", the "five elements theory" is that the Oriental wood is green, indicating growth, so the roof of the Palace used by the prince is covered with green glazed tiles.

history

The Wenhua hall was originally built by Emperor Chang Yu. In the Shun and Chenghua dynasties tomorrow, before the prince Jianzuo, he would take pictures in the Wenhua hall. Later, most of the princes were too young to participate in politics. In 1536, it was still changed into the emperor's hall. Later, it was the place for the Ming Sutra feast, and the building was changed into yellow glazed tile roof. In the 17th year of Jiajing reign (1538), the holy relief hall was built behind the hall.

After Li Zicheng invaded the Forbidden City in the late Ming Dynasty, most of the buildings of Wenhua hall were destroyed.

It was rebuilt in 1683, the 22nd year of Emperor Kangxi's reign, when the Wuying hall still existed, so "all rules and regulations were in accordance with the Ming system". During the reign of Emperor Qianlong, Wenyuan pavilion was built on the site of Shengji hall.

The main hall of Wenhua hall is I-shaped. The front hall is Wenhua hall, facing south, 5 rooms wide and 3 rooms deep, with yellow glazed tiles on the top of the hill. In the Ming Dynasty, there were six doors with three intersections and six branches, and four windows with three intersections and six branches. The East and West Gables have one side window each. In front of the hall comes the moon platform, and there is a yong road leading to the Wenhua gate. The back hall is called the main hall of respect, which is a little similar to the Wenhua hall and a little shallow in depth. The front and back halls are connected by corridors. The East and west side halls are Benren hall and Jiyi hall.

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, every year in the spring and Autumn period, a feast was held in the Wenhua hall. In the Qing Dynasty, the grand bachelor, the minister, the censor of zuodu and the minister served as the preachers of Jingyan, with eight in each of the Manchu and Han Dynasties. Every year, two people from Manchu and two people from Han Dynasty speak "Jing" and "Shu" separately, while the Emperor himself writes the imperial treatise, explaining the experience of teaching "four books and five classics". After the ceremony, he gives tea and seats. The palace examination of Ming and Qing Dynasties was also conducted in Wenhua hall.

In the Ming Dynasty, there was a post of "great scholar of wenhuadian" to guide the prince to study. In the Qing Dynasty, the cabinet system of "three halls and three pavilions" gradually evolved. The position of the Bachelor of Wenhua hall became to assist the emperor to manage the government affairs and govern all officials, which greatly expanded the authority compared with the Ming Dynasty.

exhibition

In 2008, in order to welcome the Beijing Olympic Games, Wenhua hall was converted into a ceramic Museum by the Palace Museum, displaying the fine ceramics of the past dynasties collected by the Palace Museum. The exhibits range from the Cishan culture (5400-5100 BC) to the third year of Xuantong (1911). In 2018, the Palace Museum announced that the exhibition contents of Wuying hall and Wenhua hall were exchanged. Wuying hall became a ceramics hall, and Wenhua hall became a painting and calligraphy hall. In this regard, Wang Yamin, executive vice president of the Palace Museum, explained: "adjacent to Wenyuan Pavilion, the library, it is more suitable for displaying calligraphy and painting, while porcelain is an art of fire and clay, which is suitable for placing in Wuying hall." In fact, when the Wenhua hall was first transformed into an exhibition hall from 1915 to 1916, the exhibition content was painting and calligraphy.

On June 3, 2018, the special exhibition of Wu Changshuo's calligraphy, painting and seal cutting in the Palace Museum was opened in the exhibition hall of Wenhua Hall of the Palace Museum. This is the first official exhibition held by the Wenhua Hall of the Palace Museum.

From May 2 to June 30, 2019, more than 100 pieces of Qianlong emperor's paintings and calligraphy were exhibited in the Palace Museum's Wenhua hall.

The exhibition is divided into four parts: Qianlong Chenhan, imperial painting and calligraphy, CI Chen painting and calligraphy, and Jun Chen singing. The palace museum also cooperates with the release of related catalogues, including hundreds of cultural relics including the exhibition and related cultural relics.

purpose

In terms of architectural layout, Wenhua hall is the right wing of the three main halls, and in terms of function, it is the supplement of the three main halls of the outer court. There is a gate in front of the Wenhua hall, a main hall in the back, and an auxiliary hall in the east-west direction. On the east side, there is the Chuanxin hall. It is the place where Confucius was sacrificed before "Jingyan". There is a well in the courtyard called Dapao well. Its water is sweet and its name is the highest in Beijing. Wenhua hall was the main hall of the princes when it was first built, and the roof was covered with green tiles. Later, because the princes were very young and could not handle political affairs, they were officially converted into the emperor's Hall in the 15th year of Jiajing period and replaced with huangwa. The famous Jingyan ceremony was held here.

The emperors of Ming and Qing Dynasties held "Jingyan" in spring equinox and autumn equinox. The emperor wanted to write the imperial treatise and explain his learning experience of "four books and five classics". The Qing emperor's imperial treatise on Jingyan was spoken in Manchu and Chinese respectively. The officials knelt in front of the emperor and listened to the emperor's comments. The emperors of Kang, Yong and Qian in the Qing Dynasty had a very high level of cultural accomplishment. The emperors were very happy and had a good mood. They would also name the officials to debate. Then, the Emperor gave us a cup of tea for a rest. Finally, as a special reward for the literati who had the honor to attend the ceremony, the emperor led everyone to open the back door of the Wenhua hall and came to Wenyuan Pavilion at the back of the hall to reward the literati for reading the books in the pavilion.

Official position

In Ming Dynasty, there was a post of "great scholar of wenhuadian". Ming Hongwu 15 years (1382) set, rank is five grades, originally for the guidance of the crown prince of the official, after the emperor around, ready to counsel. In Renzong's time, the office of the cabinet was gradually respected. In the Qing Dynasty, there was a bachelor in the Ming Dynasty. In front of Wenhua hall, there were Zhonghe hall and Baohe hall. In 1748, Zhonghe hall and Baohe hall were not often set up.

After the reign of Emperor Qianlong, the Bachelor of wenhuadian was ranked first among the four. Ming Dynasty Kong Zhenyun's epitaph of Yuan Gong (yuan Keli), a senior official of the Ming Dynasty and Minister of the Ministry of war, said: "to Jinshi, Tongyi, Assistant Minister of Zhan Shifu, Zhan Shifu, concurrently a bachelor's degree in the Imperial Academy, to compile the records of the previous dynasty, to manage the six caozhangzuojiaoneishu, to write an article on the exhibition of wenhuadian, to be in charge of the Imperial Academy of Nanjing, to be an official of Jingyan, and to be a member of the family of Tongxiang Thanks to Shudan.

character

Hongsheng, named Fangsi, was born in Qiantang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang).

Xu Yuanwen, a native of Kunshan City, Jiangsu Province, was named Gongsu and jianzhai. Xu ganxue's younger brother.

He Lu, Niu Hulu (originally meaning wolf in Manchu), was originally named Shanbao. He was born in the red flag of Manchuria. He was the prime minister and favorite Minister of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty. He was famous for his great corruption. In April 2007, the Asian Wall Street Journal selected "the world's top 50 richest people in nearly a thousand years", and he ranked first among the six Chinese.

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Chinese PinYin : Wen Hua Dian