Xiangshan Park

Xiangshan Park

Xiangshan Park, located at No. 40, Shangshang street, Haidian District, Beijing, covers an area of 188 hectares. It is a royal garden with mountain forest characteristics. Xianglu peak, the main peak in the scenic area, is commonly known as "ghost seeing sorrow", with an altitude of 575 meters. As early as the yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the royal family built a separate courtyard in Xiangshan. Every summer and autumn, the emperor would come here to hunt and cool down. Xianfeng ten years (1860) and Guangxu twenty sixth years (1900) were burned twice by the British and French allied forces, the Eight Allied forces, in 1956 opened up as the people's Park. Xiangshan Park has Xiangshan temple, Hongguang temple, Shuangqing villa and other famous tourist attractions.

Xiangshan Park was rated as the capital civilized unit in 1993, AAAA scenic spot by the National Tourism Administration in 2001, and the first batch of Beijing boutique parks in 2002

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Historical evolution

The origin of the name

There are two versions of the name "Xiangshan" in historical documents. The first one comes from the folk. It is said that a large area of apricot flowers were planted on Xiangshan Mountain in the early years. Once the flowering season came every year, it was full of fragrance, so it got its name. The second is from the story of Yongan temple in Xiangshan. It says that there is a big stone in the mountain, whose shape is very similar to the incense burner in the temple. Therefore, the mountain is named after the stone in the shape of incense burner

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Evolution of construction

the tang dynasty

The records of Xiangshan temple can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty. According to Wanshu Zaji, which was written in the Ming Dynasty, "miaogaotang (a building in Xiangshan Temple) is on the right of Xiangshan temple in xishili of Wanping County, which has existed since the Tang Dynasty."

Jin Dynasty

In the 26th year of Dading (1186), under the proposal of Wan Yanyong, Emperor Shizong of Jin Dynasty, the original Xiangshan temple and Ji'an temple were merged into one and renamed as "dayong'an Temple"

According to shizongji, the history of the Jin Dynasty, there are two thousand mu of land, seventy chestnut trees and twenty thousand yuan of money

. Later, Jin Zhangzong, the grandson of Jin Shizong, continued to build buildings here and often visited here. Shuntianfu annals once described Yongan temple at that time as follows: "because of the height of the mountain, the upper court built large pavilions in front and back, which belonged to each other, blocked by barriers, but not dangerous. In the north, it is called Cuihua hall, waiting for Linda. Looking down at the mountains, Tian Chou is qicuo There are three gates in front of the lower courtyard, the Buddha Hall in the middle, the Zhangshi, Yuntang, chanliao and Hakka house in the back, and the corridor and kitchen beside it Solemnity is like entering the land of incense. "

yuan dynasty

Kublai Khan, the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, once visited Yong'an temple. During the reign of emperor Renzong of the Yuan Dynasty, Yong'an temple was renamed "Ganlu temple."

. In 1331, Yelu ALMI, a descendant of Yelu Chucai, founded Biyun nunnery

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the ming dynasty

In the Ming Dynasty, Xiangshan and Daxishan were designated as the royal mausoleum area to bury the prince, Princess and some of the emperor's concubines

. In the sixth year of Zhengtong (1441), the eunuch of Si Li, Fan Hong, invested more than 700000 yuan to "donate money and materials to the market, and rebuild the palace, pavilion, veranda, and statue. The palace, pavilion, veranda, and statue had a new look, and the regulation was magnificent. It became a giant temple. I heard that I was granted the temple of Yong'an.

”Emperor Jiajing, Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty, visited here and called it Xishan. Xiangshan has a unique green color. Emperor Shenzong Wanli once ascended the mountain and looked far away, and inscribed "Laiqing" as Laiqing Pavilion beside Xiangshan temple.

Qing Dynasty

In the tenth year of Qianlong reign of Qing Dynasty (1745), the garden construction project of Xiangshan was officially launched, and the expansion project of Xiangshan temple was also carried out in the same period. The expanded Xiangshan temple and its surrounding Zongjing Dazhao temple, Biyun temple and WOFO Temple together constitute the Buddhist temple complex in Xishan area in Qing Dynasty. Xiangshan temple also formed a pattern of "front street, Middle Temple and back garden"

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Among them, there are 28 poems written by Emperor Qianlong, which are called 28 scenes of Jingyi garden

Emperor Qianlong named it "Jingyi garden". Xiangshan and Jingyi garden occupy one mountain and one garden among the "three mountains and five gardens" in West Beijing

. In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), the British and French allied forces plundered a large number of treasures in the three mountains and five gardens, including Jingyi garden, and almost all the buildings were burned. In the 26th year of Guangxu (1900), the Allied forces of the eight countries plundered again, and a generation of famous gardens were almost deserted

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The Republic of China

During the period of the Northern Warlords and the reactionary rule of the Kuomintang, most of the scenic spots in Xiangshan were built as private villas by "dignitaries" and "Warlords" and many scenic spots were closed

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In 1917, due to the flood in Shunzhi (Hebei Province), a bureau of caring for children was set up in Xiangshan, where more than 1000 disaster children were adopted. After the flood, the Qing government borrowed Jingyi garden from Xiangshan.

On October 3, 1920, Xiangshan children's home was set up to adopt homeless disaster children. Xiong Xiling was the president

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On March 12, 1925, Sun Yat Sen, the forerunner of the democratic revolution, died in Beijing. After his death, Sun Yat Sen stopped working in Biyun temple in Xiangshan for four years. After moving to Nanjing Zijin Mountain, Sun Yat Sen's memorial hall and clothes tomb are set up here for people to look forward to

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The People's Republic of China

In March 1949, when the CPC Central Committee came to Beijing from Xibaipo, the first stop was Shuangqing villa in Xiangshan. Chairman Mao, Premier Zhou and other revolutionaries of the older generation led the liberation of China in Xiangshan and prepared for the establishment of the Central People's government.

In 1956, Xiangshan Park was opened to the public as a people's Park.

Since the 1990s, the restoration and protection projects of 28 scenes of Jingyi garden in Xiangshan have been started one after another, and the restoration of Cuiwei Pavilion, yuruquan, yuhuaxiu, geyunzhong, yingluoyan and Xiangwu cave have been completed one after another.

In July 2002, the main hall and the North-South side hall of qinzheng hall, the first 28 scenes of Jingyi garden, were restored and opened to tourists

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On September 13, 2019, the Beijing Xiangshan revolution memorial site of the CPC Central Committee (including the former site of the Xiangshan revolution and the Xiangshan revolution memorial hall) was officially opened to the public. Among them, the former site of Xiangshan revolution is located in Xiangshan Park, which is composed of Shuangqing villa, laiqingxuan and other eight revolutionary sites of the CPC Central Committee in Xiangshan

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geographical environment

position

Xiangshan Park is located in the northwest suburb of Beijing, about 20 kilometers away from the capital, covering an area of more than 160 hectares. Xiangshan in the garden is located in the heart of the east slope of Xishan Mountain, and it is also the hub of the east end of Xishan Mountain Ridge. Its peaks and valleys are overlapped with each other

. The main peak, Xianglu peak, is 575 meters above sea level, with flanks extending eastward from the north to the south, reaching Hongshantou in the South and qinglongqiaotou in the north.

Xiangshan is roughly on the east-west axis with Yuquan mountain, Wanshou mountain and Kunming Lake on the eastern plain. On the lake of Xiangshan Mountain and Yuquan mountain, zhuoxi mountain and danquan mountain pass. There are water in the mountains and mountains in the water. There are many historic sites, which have been found in recent years

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climate

The spring of Xiangshan Park is longer, about 3.5 months; generally, the average temperature from early March to mid June is lower than 22 ℃ and higher than 10 ℃. Summer is short, about two and a half months, generally from mid June to late August, the average temperature is above 22 ℃, but the maximum temperature is not more than 35 ℃. Autumn lasts about two and a half months. From the end of August to the beginning of November, the average monthly temperature is only below 22 ℃ and above 10 ℃. Winter is long, about three and a half months, generally from early November to early March of the next year

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natural resources

Up to 2010, there are 391 species of plants in Xiangshan Park, of which wild species are the majority and widely distributed. Most of them are Cotinus coggygria (xiangshanhongye), Platycladus orientalis, etc. A large number of cultivated plants, such as Ginkgo biloba and Pinus tabulaeformis, are distributed around the buildings and temples in the park. They have been planted for a long time and there are a large number of ancient trees. Among them, there are more than 5800 grade I and II ancient trees, accounting for about 1 / 4 of the ancient trees in the urban area of Beijing, and there are more than 300 grade I ancient trees. There are 13 tree species, including Platycladus orientalis, Pinus tabulaeformis, Sabina vulgaris, Pinus bungeana, Sophora japonica, Ginkgo biloba, Catalpa bungei, Quercus acutissima, elm, Acer truncatum, Koelreuteria, Aesculus chinensis and Gleditsia sinensis.

The traditional ornamental flowers and trees in Xiangshan have also become large-scale, such as peony, Magnolia, Xifu Begonia, apricot, mountain peach, rose, crape myrtle, forsythia, plum, clove, etc., forming some concentrated ornamental areas, such as apricot forest, plum Valley, clove Road, Tilia Road, especially Tilia tree, which is rare in other gardens in the city. It is an excellent aromatic plant and autumn leaf plant in Xiangshan.

Among the wild plants in Xiangshan, there are many species with high ornamental value, such as naturalized plants such as February orchid, Huamulan, weilingcai, Spiraea trifida, various sea cucumber, gouwahua, ganyeju, xiaohongju, etc. Some ornamental tree species, such as shanlihong, Xifu Begonia, Begonia, honeysuckle, persimmon, Purple Pearl, and a large number of Broussonetia papyrifera, zizizyphus jujuba, child boxing, etc., attract birds to inhabit and play an important role in Xiangshan ecosystem.

The forest coverage rate of Xiangshan has reached 96%. There are many ancient and famous trees, among which there are more than 5800 grade I and II ancient trees, accounting for 1 / 4 of the total number of ancient trees in the suburbs of Beijing. There are more than 100 ancient pines and cypresses in zhisongyuan scenic area.

Main attractions

Jingyi garden in Xiangshan is one of the famous "three mountains and five gardens" in Qing Dynasty

However, it was later burned down by the British and French allied forces. The restoration works mainly refer to the 28 scenes of Jingyi garden by the Qing Dynasty court painter Zhang Ruocheng

Chinese PinYin : Xiang Shan Gong Yuan