Genhe

Donghu is the first ethnic group in Genhe area. Donghu and Xiongnu rose at the same time in the late Warring States period (3rd century BC). In the early Han Dynasty (206 BC), Donghu was defeated by Xiongnu, and many of them fled. The two main branches of Donghu fled to Wuhuan mountain and Xianbei mountain respectively. From then on, they appeared in the history books as Wuhuan and Xianbei.

Genhe

Genhe City is a county-level city under the jurisdiction of Hulunbuir city in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. "Genhe" is the homonym of Mongolian "gegengaole", which means "clear and transparent River". It is located on the west slope of the north section of Daxing'anling mountains and in the north of Hulunbeier city. Its geographical coordinates are 120 ° 12 ′～ 122 ° 55 ′ E and 50 ° 20 ′～ 52 ° 30 ′ n. It is adjacent to Olunchun Autonomous Banner in the East, Erguna city in the west, Yakeshi City in the South and Mohe city and Huzhong District in Daxing'anling region of Heilongjiang Province in the north. The longest straight-line distance between North and south is 240.4 km, and the widest straight-line distance between East and West is 198.8 km, with a total area of 2.001 million square kilometers. It is one of the cities with the highest latitude in China. The annual average temperature is - 5.3 ℃, the extreme low temperature is - 58 ℃, and the annual freezing period is more than 210 days

, is the coldest city in China, known as "China's cold pole".

In July 2019, it will be selected as the pilot county (District) of the national intellectual property project.

Evolution of organizational system

Donghu is the first ethnic group in Genhe area. Donghu and Xiongnu rose at the same time in the late Warring States period (3rd century BC). In the early Han Dynasty (206 BC), Donghu was defeated by Xiongnu, and many of them fled. The two main branches of Donghu fled to Wuhuan mountain and Xianbei mountain respectively. From then on, they appeared in the history books as Wuhuan and Xianbei.

During the Three Kingdoms and the two Jin Dynasties, both the East and the west of Daxinganling were under the jurisdiction and influence of Xianbei people. During the Northern Dynasty (386-581 AD), there were wuluohou and other Shiwei tribes in the east of Daxinganling.

In the Sui Dynasty, Jimi Prefecture was set up in the remote areas to manage. The area where Gen river is located is the territory of Shiwei nationality.

In Tang Dynasty, Shiwei Prefecture was set up in Shiwei area, and the minority tribal leaders were appointed as the Dudu. The Nenjiang River Basin and the Great Xing'an Mountains are included in the territory of the Tang Dynasty.

From the 7th century to the 8th century, the area to the west of the Great Xing'an Mountains was occupied by Turks and Huihe people, and became the Turkic Khanate and the eastern border of Huihe. At the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 10th century, Lingxi area gradually became the residence of wugudilie and Tatar people, and Lingdong area of Daxinganling became the sphere of influence of Qidan people.

Liao Dynasty (907-1125) was a feudal dynasty dominated by Qidan people in the Five Dynasties, ten states and Song Dynasty. Liao Dynasty, formerly known as Qidan, later renamed "Liao". In 907 A.D., yeluabaoji, the emperor of Liao Dynasty, unified all parts of Qidan and called them Khan. In 918, his capital was linhuangfu (now nanboluo City, Balinzuoqi, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia). In 936, he went south to the Central Plains and conquered the Five Dynasties. After the Jin Dynasty, he changed his name to "Daliao". It was changed to "Qidan" in 983 and "Daliao" in 1066. In the heyday of Liao Dynasty, the territory reached the sea of Japan in the East, Altay Mountain in the west, Erguna River and Daxinganling in the north, and Baigou River in the south of Hebei Province in the south. The eastern part of the Great Xing'an Mountains is under the jurisdiction of the Zhaozhao division of the Northeast Road of Shangjing Road, and the western part of the Great Xing'an Mountains is under the jurisdiction of the military division of Wugu enemy lietong.

In the Jin Dynasty, the eastern part of the Great Xing'an Mountains was under the jurisdiction of Puhe Road, and the western part of the Great Xing'an Mountains was under the jurisdiction of Dongbei road.

In 1214, after Genghis Khan unified the Mongolian grassland, Lingxi of the greater Hinggan Mountains was the fiefdoms of his eldest brother zhuochi hasar, his second brother hechiwen erlechi, his third brother tiemugo uchijin and the dexuechan family; Lingdong of the greater Hinggan Mountains also gradually became the fiefdoms of tiemugo uchijin. Today, the ruins of the ancient town of Heishantou is the former capital of zhuochi hasar.

In the early Yuan Dynasty, Hulunbuir area was still the fiefdom of kings. From 1288 to the end of the Nayan and hadan rebellion, the feudal lands of the kings were included in the provinces. The eastern part of the Great Xing'an Mountains was divided into Taining Road, Shanbei Liaodong Road and heishuifu dada Road, and the western part of the Great Xing'an Mountains was divided into Helin road. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, the Northern Yuan Dynasty (the Mongolian Khanate) retreated to the Mongolian grassland, and continued to rule the Mongolian grassland with the Chahar tribe as the main clan, and Hulunbuir as the eastern border of the Northern Yuan Dynasty. From 1439 to 1454, the four tribes of the Mongols, arukerqin, Sizi, Wulat and maoming'an, migrated to Hulunbeier. The eastern foot of the Great Xing'an Mountains is the herding land of aruhorqin, and the other three herding lands are on the vast grassland from the west of the Great Xing'an Mountains to nebuchu.

At the beginning of the 15th century, the Ming Dynasty set up Dusi and Weisuo to control the border areas. Hulunbuir area is under the jurisdiction of some garrisons under nurgandus. Lingdong is under the jurisdiction of buerhawei and alenwei, Lingxi is under the jurisdiction of gunahewei, ganhewei, hasihaiwei and haici'erqianhu, and Genhe area is under the jurisdiction of jianhewei.

In 1616, the later Jin Dynasty was founded. In 1630 and 1633, arukerqin, Wulat, Sizi and maoming'an who lived in Hulunbuir area successively returned to the post Jin Dynasty. Around 1635, according to the instructions of the later Jin regime, the three tribes of Wulate, Sizi and maoming'an, who lived in the west of Daxing'an Mountains, moved to the southwest of Wulanchabu grassland one after another, and the aruhorqin tribe went to Chifeng City.

During the Shunzhi period (1644-1661), the Tsarist Russian army invaded the vast area of Heilongjiang River Basin in China, and the Daur, Ewenki, Olunchun people who lived there for generations were forced to move to the Nenjiang River Basin on the South Bank of Heilongjiang Province. In order to strengthen the management, during the reign of Kangxi, the Qing government divided Daur people into three "zhalans" and Ewenki people into five "Abas", which were directly under the vassal court of the central government of the Qing Dynasty.

In 1689, the Qing government set up the Buteha governor Yamen in yiwoqihoutun on the West Bank of Nenjiang River, and set up the vice governor of Dutong. The signing of the Sino Russian Treaty of nebuchu determines that the East Bank of the Erguna River belongs to China and the west bank belongs to Russia.

In 1727, 18 kaluns were set up along the Erguna River to manage border affairs and internal affairs. During the reign of Yongzheng, the vice capital of Hulunbuir was set up. Guangxu 34 years (1908), set up Jilin set up a governing Bureau, the administration of the territory, border affairs, 1912 abolished.

In 1920, Shiwei county and Qiqian county were set up.

In 1921, Qiqian set up a governing Bureau and changed it into Qiqian county.

In 1930, Shiwei county government moved from jilalin to Hewu (now Suqin township).

In December 1932, the Ministry of civil affairs of Manchuria put Shiwei and Qiqian counties under the jurisdiction of the puppet northern Xing'an province.

On January 1, 1933, "Manchuria" abolished Shiwei county and Qiqian county and changed them into offices. On July 12 of the same year, the original Shiwei county was designated as Erguna left wing banner (commonly known as Donge banner), and the flag office was located in nalemutu (now Sanhe Town); the original Qiqian county was designated as Erguna right wing banner, and the flag office was located in jijumutu (now Qiqian township).

On August 9, 1945, the puppet Manchukuo regime collapsed. On August 10, the Soviet Red Army entered Sanhe street and set up a maintenance Committee.

In 1946, with the approval of Hulunbeier autonomous government, Erguna left wing banner office and Erguna right wing banner office were established.

In November 1947, the Communist Party of China sent Hulunbeier working group to Sanhe street.

On February 16, 1948, with the approval of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government, Erguna left and right banners were merged into Erguna banner. The flag government is located in Sanhe Street (now Sanhe Town, Erguna city).

With the development of Daxing'anling Forest Region, Genhe Town, haolibu Town, deerbur Town, Jinhe town and Niuerhe town were established successively from 1955 to 1959 (managed by xiguitu banner before August 1961).

In August 1961, the government of Erguna banner moved to Genhe town and took over five towns, namely Genhe, Haolibao, deerbur, Jinhe and Niuerhe, and two areas, namely, Alongshan and Mangui, which were managed by Xigui Tu banner.

On April 1, 1966, the State Council approved the abolition of Erguna banner and the establishment of Erguna Right Banner and Erguna Left Banner. Erguna left banner government is located in Genhe town.

On August 1, 1969, Erguna Left Banner and Hulunbeier League were included in Heilongjiang Province. On July 1, 1979, Erguna Left Banner was transferred to Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

On April 28, 1994, the State Council approved the abolition of Erguna Left Banner and the establishment of Genhe City.

After the establishment of Erguna Left Banner in 1966, it governed Genhe Town, haolibu Town, deerbur Town, Jinhe Town, Niuerhe town and Mangui Ewenki township.

In 1968, Alongshan town and Mangui town were built, and Mangui town and Mangui Ewenki Township were integrated.

In 1973, Mangui town and Aoluguya Ewenki Township were set up separately. The government of Aoluguya Ewenki township was moved to Aoluguya, 17.5 km north of Mangui town.

On April 28, 1994, Genhe City was established, and its administrative division is still the original administrative division of Erguna Left Banner. Genhe City consists of haolibu Town, deerbur Town, Jinhe Town, Niuerhe Town, Alongshan Town, Mangui Town, Aoluguya Ewenki Township and Zhongyang Road sub district office, Hexi sub district office and Sengong road sub district office. The township and sub district offices have 112 residents committees and 811 residents groups.

Chinese PinYin : Gen He