Tomb of Dong Zhongshu

Tomb of Dong Zhongshu

The tomb of Dong Zhongshu in the Western Han Dynasty is located 600 meters to the west of Hepingmen in the south wall of Xi'an and to the north of madiao. In the Tang Dynasty and Ming Dynasty, the tomb was built in the city. Officials, soldiers and people dismounted here to show their respect, so it was called Xiama mausoleum.

At the beginning of the founding of the people's Republic of China, the tomb was sealed with earth, with a perimeter of more than 40 meters and a height of 6 meters. The tomb was seriously damaged in the 1950s. At present, the residual height of the earth is 2 meters. Before the earth is sealed, there is a bluestone protection sign set up by the people's Government of Xi'an.

In 1956, it was announced as the first batch of provincial key cultural relics protection units by Shaanxi Provincial People's Committee

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Inside the east section of Xi'an south city wall, there is a small street called Xiamaling street. It reaches Hepingmen in the East and the stele forest museum at the south entrance of baishulin street in the West. On the northeast side of this street is Dong Zhongshu's tomb. Dong Zhongshu's tomb is also called Xiamaling, hence the name of this street. After Dong Zhongshu's death, Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty chose the burial place for him and built Dong Zi temple in front of the mausoleum. Out of respect for Dong Zhongshu, it is said that every time Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty passed through his mausoleum, he dismounted from his horse and walked 30 feet away, following his ministers as usual. Since then, an unwritten rule has been formed: from the top officials and dignitaries to the common people, horsemen and sedan chair riders have to walk down in front of Dong Zhongshu's tomb. The name of Xiamaling came into being.

Protection

Before 1949, Dong Zhongshu's descendants found the Han bamboo slips in Dong's tomb. Because they did not know the characters, they buried them in the tomb. Hu zongnan used the cemetery as his official residence for a long time. In 1987, funds were allocated for repair, and in 1989, the mausoleum gate was added.

Because Dong Zhongshu's tomb is located in the Xi'an Heping Road cadre sanatorium of Lanzhou Military Region, the main hall has long been used as an activity center for veteran cadres, and later rented as a studio, so it is not open to tourists.

doubt

Mr. Dong Zhongshu, a famous Confucian in the Western Han Dynasty, has passed away for more than 2000 years. However, he never thought that posterity would argue about his burial place. Even the two most authoritative reference books in China, Cihai and Ciyuan, have their own opinions on this.

Ci Hai and CI yuan have their own opinions

The proposal of "dismissing a hundred schools and respecting Confucianism alone" made Mr. Dong Zhongshu, a Confucian scholar of the Western Han Dynasty, famous forever. Mr. Dong, who has been dead for more than 2000 years, never dreamed that future generations would be confused about his burial place. Even the two most authoritative reference books in China, Cihai and Ciyuan, hold different opinions on this.

Dong Zhongshu (179-104 B.C.) is a famous Confucian master in the Western Han Dynasty. His ancestral home is Guangchuan (now Jingxian County, Hebei Province). He wrote Chunqiu Fanlu and Dongzi Wenji. According to folklore, Dong Zhongshu was born by Dong Yong and the seven fairies. Since his birth, he has a kind of immortal and aura. He has been in touch with Confucian classics since he was a child, and has read the poems and books of sages. The proposal of "dismissing a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" was adopted by Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, which started the feudal society to take Confucianism as the forerunner of orthodoxy for more than 2000 years. He was demoted to prison for talking about disasters. Later, he was the Prime Minister of Jiangdu king and Jiaoxi king. Because he was not used to Jiaoxi King's illegal resignation, he moved to Maoling (now Xingping, Shaanxi) in his later years to give lectures and write books.

Where was Dong Zhongshu buried after his death? The answer is still complicated, and the two most authoritative reference books in China, Cihai and Ciyuan, have different interpretations. According to page 489 of Cihai (1999 edition) published by Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House, "Xiamaling, an ancient place name, is located in the tomb of Dong Zhongshu in the Western Han Dynasty near Hepingmen in today's Xi'an city. It is said that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once dismounted here when he visited Yichun Garden, so it is called Xiamaling. It is said that Dong's followers all dismounted here, so it is called Xiamaling. It is commonly known as the toad mausoleum

According to the Commercial Press's etymology revised in 2001, page 2776: "Xiamaling, a place name, is located in the southeast of Chang'an City, near Qujiang River. It is said that it is Dong Zhongshu's tomb. All the disciples dismount here, so it is called Xiamaling. Later generations mistakenly call it Xiamaling. See Li Zhao's supplement to national history in Tang Dynasty. It is said that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was lucky to get off the horse at Furong garden, so he mistook it for Xiamaling. It was a gathering place for prostitutes in the Tang Dynasty. Bai Juyi of the Tang Dynasty wrote in his twelve Pipa quotations of Changqing collection: "I said that I was originally a woman in the capital, and I lived under the toad mausoleum."

1： Xiamaling is a fake product of Ming Dynasty

Jiang Jixin, deputy director of Xi'an literature and history research center, who is engaged in literature and history research, told reporters that the difference between Cihai and Ciyuan about Dong Zhongshu's tomb mainly lies in the location of Xiama mausoleum. Mr. Jiang Jixin carefully studied the literature of the past dynasties and put forward a surprising view: today's Xiamaling in the peace gate is the work of a group of mediocre but ignorant officials in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is a typical product of "the will of the chief executive" and a true fraud.

In the office of Xi'an literature and history research center in the northern suburbs, Jiang Jixin, deputy director of the library, talked with reporters. Changlefang in Chang'an city of Tang Dynasty is located about 1 Li south of Xingqing palace, from Shapo village of Xingqing South Road to Xi'an Jiaotong University. "East of changlefang inner street" is located in the south of the southeast Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University. At that time, Wannian county (later renamed Xianning county) was located in Xianmen street near Hepingmen in Xi'an City, about 3 kilometers south of the hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University. The above statement is consistent with that in CI yuan. Until the middle of Ming Dynasty, there was no objection to this point. For example, it is said that Dong Zhongshu's tomb is located at six li in the south of the city. But then the local chronicles suddenly changed their tone, saying that Xiamaling was near Hepingmen.

What's going on? Jiang Jixin stressed that the 21st year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1542) was an obvious dividing line. In the situation of building "Dong Zi temple" all over the country, Wang Xu, governor of Shaanxi Province, built a Dong Zi temple in Xiamaling of Xi'an Jiaotong University in the first year of Zhengde (1506). In 1542, Zhao Tingxi, the Minister of the Ministry of war and the censor of Shaanxi Province, ordered that the Dong Zi temple six miles south of the city be moved into the city and built near today's Heping gate, and a tomb be built behind the Dong Zi temple. In 1548, Zhang Guangyu, the commander of the Imperial Army, erected a gravestone for Dong Zhongshu's tomb behind the Dong Zi temple. Since then, the local chronicles of Shaanxi and Xi'an in the Ming Dynasty have been changed. In 1667, Huang Jiading, the magistrate of Xianning County, restored Xiamaling and carved a stone in front of the gate, which changed the street close to the city wall to Xiamaling street. In 1786, Bi Yuan, governor of Shaanxi Province, inscribed another stone tablet for Xiamaling. As a result, "Guanzhong Shengji Tuzhi" and various local chronicles of the Qing Dynasty also claimed that Xiamaling was under the yanzhipo in the city, which spread false information even today.

2： Xiamaling is not Dong Zhongshu's tomb

Since the Xiama mausoleum in today's Hepingmen is a forgery of officials in the Ming Dynasty, is the Xiama mausoleum or the toad mausoleum in Chang'an changlefang (in today's campus of Xi'an Jiaotong University) really Dong Zhongshu's tomb? After careful textual research, Mr. Jiang Jixin believes that the toad mausoleum or Xiama mausoleum is not Dong Zhongshu's Mausoleum; the so-called "Xiama mausoleum" allusion is not consistent with the historical facts, which obviously belongs to the later Confucian lies.

Chang'an annals written by song minqiu in the Northern Song Dynasty and Fang Kao in the two capitals of the Tang Dynasty by Xu Song in the Qing Dynasty are two historical books which comprehensively record the historical geography of Chang'an in the Tang Dynasty. The author, as a historian of the imperial court, has extensive and reliable sources of historical data. After a comprehensive scanning of the documents of the Tang Dynasty, the two historical books draw a surprising conclusion: "people mistakenly think that Dong Zhongshu's tomb.".

According to experts' research, Xiama mausoleum or toad mausoleum in Chang'an changlefang (now on the campus of Xi'an Jiaotong University) of the Tang Dynasty belonged to the Royal Shanglin garden during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, so it is impossible to have Dong Zhongshu's tomb. According to Zizhi Tongjian, the Shanglin garden built by Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty extends to Afang palace in the north, Zhouzhi County in the west, Yichun garden in the East (today's Qujiang pool) and Nanshan Mountain in the south. When the Shanglin garden was built, all the residents in this area were moved out, and the original houses and tombs were destroyed. At that time, it should not be allowed to build Dong Zhongshu's tomb in the emperor's Shanglin garden.

Although it is a fact that Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's political opinion of "dethroning hundreds of schools and respecting Confucianism alone", he did not appreciate Dong Zhongshu, let alone reuse him. Jiang Jixin pointed out that Dong Zhongshu was not able to enter the central ruling group. He was sent to distant places by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. He first served as the Prime Minister of Liu Yi, king of Jiangdu. Later, he was demoted to be a Chinese doctor for some reason. Later, he once served as the Prime Minister of Liu Duan, king of Jiaoxi. Soon Dong resigned because of his old illness. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty never paid special respect to Dong Zhongshu. He was furious and wanted to chop Dong's head. He was spared by many intercessions. In fact, Dong Zhongshu's position was constantly promoted by later Confucians. Sima Qian, a famous historian, is a student of Dong Zhongshu, but his praise in historical records is limited. When it comes to Confucianists in Han Dynasty, shusuntong is regarded as the "big brother" in historical records. He specially wrote biographies of Liu Jing and shusuntong, which is called "Confucian School of Han Dynasty"; while Dong Zhongshu is only recorded in biographies of scholars, which is very short and very backward. It can be seen that the social evaluation of Dong Zhongshu at that time is not difficult to see. The allusion that Emperor Hanwu dismounted as soon as he arrived at Dong Zhongshu's tomb is obviously related to historical facts

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