Xingjiao Temple

Shaxi Xingjiao temple, Ming Dynasty Bai "atoli" Buddhist temple - Xingjiao temple. It was built in 1415, the 13th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty. It is located in Yangpo of Aofeng mountain, shaxisideng Town, Jianchuan County, Yunnan Province. The existing main hall and the second Hall. There are 12 Ming Dynasty Buddhist murals in the hall. There are several ancient locust trees and ancient Pistacia trees around the temple area. There is a pair of big lions in front of the mountain gate, and the mountain gate is facing a stage.

Xingjiao Temple

Xingjiao temple, also known as "Tang Dynasty national defense Xingjiao Temple", is the head of the Eight Temples in Fanchuan of Tang Dynasty, and one of the ancestral courts of the eight patriarchal schools of Chinese Buddhism (also known as Weizhi sect and Cien sect). It is located on the Bank of Shaoling yuan, about 20 kilometers south of Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province.

Xingjiao temple is the place where Master Xuanzang, a famous translator and traveler of Tang Dynasty, died. Later, his disciples, master peep Chi and master Yuance, also came to the spirit and accompanied him around Xuanzang's pagoda.

On March 4, 1961, Xingjiao temple was announced as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units by the State Council

. In 1983, Xingjiao temple was designated as the national key temple in the Han area. On June 22, 2014, at the 38th UNESCO World Heritage Committee meeting held in Doha, Qatar, the Xingjiao Pagoda in Xingjiao temple, as a heritage site of "Silk Road: road network of Chang'an Tianshan corridor" jointly applied for World Heritage by China, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, was successfully included in the world heritage list.

Historical evolution

In 664, Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty passed away in Yuhua Palace (now in Tongchuan, Shaanxi Province), and was buried in Bailuyuan, the eastern suburb of Chang'an. The terrain of Bailuyuan is very high. You can see it in Hanyuan Hall of Daming Palace. Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty respected Xuanzang very much. After his death, he held the court to mourn. It is said that he often shed tears when overlooking the pagoda in Hanyuan hall. For the sake of the health of the holy body, Empress Wu Zetian of Emperor Gaozong ordered that Xuanzang's remains be buried in Shaolingyuan, south of Chang'an, in 669, and a temple be built to commemorate it. The newly built Buddhist temple is named "Tang Dynasty temple of protecting the country and promoting education", which is the first of the Eight Temples in Fanchuan of Tang Dynasty. In the later Tang Dynasty, suzong inscribed Xuanzang's relic Pagoda with the word "Xingjiao", implying the great rejuvenation of Buddhism.

In the middle of emperor Mu Zong's Changqing reign (821), monk Tanjing presided over the first renovation of Xingjiao temple.

In 828, the second year of the reign of emperor Wenzong of the Tang Dynasty, Yilin, a monk of Anguo temple, planned to build Xuanzang pagoda. At the same time, he prepared stones to engrave inscriptions. But before the pagoda was finished, Yilin died. Before his death, he told his family members to ask him to look for celebrities to write inscriptions. In July of the third year of Dahe (829) of emperor Wenzong of the Tang Dynasty, he visited the qitapi pagoda and moved to the new Pagoda in the plain, which is located on the west side of Xuanzang's relic pagoda. He ordered the inspection and examination of the pagoda pavilion to "move the coffin to see the base teeth, and the forty roots are as jade as ever" (continued biography of eminent monks).

In the fourth year of emperor Wenzong of Tang Dynasty (839), Liu Ke made a pagoda inscription and inlaid it in the north wall of the lowest floor of the pagoda.

In the fourth year of Yuanfeng, Emperor Shenzong of Song Dynasty (1081), he learned that jingzhaolongtu, Duke Lu, went to taiyiqiu of Zhongnan mountain to pray, passed Xingjiao temple, climbed to the Bank of Shaoling, looked south at Zhongnan, green mountains and beautiful peaks, peeped down at Fanchuan and beautiful scenery, so he ordered Yan Jing, the main monk of the temple, to create yufengxuan. He also ordered Chen zhengju to write a record, which is the record of yufengxuan. In the first year of Yuanyou (1086), when Zhang Li visited the temple in the Song Dynasty, he still used the eight characters "palace legal system, precision and solemnity" to describe it. It can be seen that the building complex of Xingjiao temple was quite complete at that time.

In 1115, master Guangyue, the RenWang monk of Longxing Temple in Tongzhou (today's Dali County), separated part of the relic and its offerings from the shangyuancha pagoda on the east ridge of Fengde temple, and buried them in the east of the pagoda. The style, shape and scale of the round measuring tower are exactly the same as those of the peeping tower. Taming was written by song Fu. During the construction of the circular survey tower, "the old and new tower should be built at the same time"

. In the inscription of yuancha tower, it is also recorded that after the completion of the tower, "Jinlun Baoduo, with double towering layers, stands as if it were illusory, with wide verandas in its lower rings, worshipping the Zhou Dynasty with statues, and attaching to the left and right And before the pagoda, the six couplets in the hall of creation and repair were completed. "

In the summer and April of 1618, the 46th year of Emperor Wanli of Ming Dynasty, Zhao Xun wrote in the article of Youxing Temple: "you can visit the pagoda courtyard and observe the Three Pagodas of Sanzang, Cien and Ximing. Sanzangming was written by Liu Ke, ci'enming by Li Hongdu, and both of them were early books; ximingming was written by song Fu. Yu Feng Xuan, created by Lu Dafang, is named after the jade case. It's on the back of the temple. Today, it's only recorded by Chen Zhengfeng, and it's on the wall of the temple. Temple monks have cave dwellers. A piece of ancient palace wall is embedded between the walls... " It can be seen from the above words that when Zhao Xun visited Xingjiao temple, the "palace legal system, precision and solemnity" no longer existed. Even the situation of "yufengxuan" can only be known in the book "yufengxuan Ji" written by Chen Zhengfeng. In his poem Xingjiao temple, he wrote: "the ruins have changed dramatically, and the remnant tablets are embroidered with moss marks.". The desolation of Xingjiao temple can be seen.

According to the inscription on the reconstruction of Xingjiao temple in the Tang Dynasty, which was originally hung in the bell tower built in the Republic of China, this bell was cast at the third day of spring in the fifth year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty (1787). The inscription was written by Hu Lide, a member of the city. Zhong Wenzhong said: "the name of Xingjiao temple in the Tang Dynasty is suzong. It was originally based on Shaoling, near Fanchuan, with one Xuanzang tower in the middle, and two towers in the Western Ming Dynasty. That is to say, the so-called character "rixieshan" in the poem is also true; the world is long gone, not without decadence, the tripod is broken, the monument is cracked, and the tourists hurt their eyes. " According to the inscription, a monk named Tairong saw that the temple bell had been destroyed. In order to revive the temple and promote Buddhism, he changed it to Xingjiao temple. After the achievement, we cast a bell to commemorate it.

During the reign of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty, except for the three pagodas, all the buildings in the temple were destroyed by the fire, almost in ruins. In 1921, there was no enclosure outside the Xingjiao temple and no temple and monk's house inside. Only three pagodas stood on the Bank of Shaoling.

During the period of the Republic of China, there was a severe drought in Guanzhong and starving people were everywhere. General Zhu ziqiao was asked by master Yinguang to release relief in Shaanxi. He launched relief activities with monks miaofe and miaokuo of Xingjiao temple to save the people from hanging upside down. In the 21st year of the Republic of China, Dai Jitao and jujuesheng came to Shaanxi for inspection, and vigorously advocated the construction of Xingjiao temple, "to build Buddhism to save the people's mind, especially to explore the origin of the rebellion against the rule of law", so as to make "the people's mind in the prosperous Tang Dynasty was greatly stabilized, the cultural relics were prosperous, and the national fortune was prosperous." With generous donations from Chiang Kai Shek, Bai Chongxi, Yan Xishan and other important party and government members of the national government, more than ten halls and monk rooms were built. In the 28th year of the Republic of China, Cheng Qian once again advocated the construction of Xingjiao temple, "and sent a telegram to the temple to show his support for the rejuvenation of Buddhism." with the consent of the central government of the people's Republic of China, he added and repaired pagodas, pavilions, halls, sutra collection buildings and mountain gates, and repaired three pagodas. This repair was a construction with political purpose, which was recorded in the records of rebuilding the courtyard of Ci'en tower, which was established in November 1934. Because the Japanese invaders attacked Nanjing, "the central government proposed to build Xi'an as the auxiliary capital", so there was the rebuilding of Xingjiao temple. Chiang Kai Shek himself has also been to Xingjiao temple, "either advocating the construction of Zhou mausoleum to revitalize Chinese culture, or advocating the construction of Maoling mausoleum to show the martial spirit of the Chinese nation, all show that the people of our country are striving to save the country.".

In May 1949, Chang'an was liberated. At that time, the land of Chang'an was full of ruins and waste, and the Buddhist temple was no exception. The foundation of Ci'en pagoda collapsed, seriously endangering Xuanzang pagoda, peeping pagoda and Yuanshi pagoda. There were only a few monks living in Xingjiao temple.

During the three years from 1950 to 1953, because of the shortage of school buildings, Weicun primary school used the hall gallery as a classroom.

In the spring of 1953, as Premier Zhou Enlai accompanied Indian Prime Minister Nehru to visit Xingjiao temple, the government repaired Xingjiao temple, allocated special funds to paint Daxiong hall, Dharma hall and Tibetan Scripture building, and decorated the living room under the Tibetan Scripture building. After this repair, this ancient Buddhist temple began to show vitality and vigor.

After 1955, more and more state guests and tourists visited Xingjiao temple, and leaders of the central government, provinces and cities also visited it frequently. In order to protect historical sites and meet the needs of foreign affairs, the government of Shaanxi Province and Chang'an County carried out a comprehensive renovation and layout of the temples from 1955 to 1956.

Since 1978, the policy of freedom of religious belief has been further implemented. Xingjiao temple has successively built the south slope protection of the pagoda, overhauled the main hall and the Sutra collection building, and replaced the old earth wall of the temple with a brick wall.

Architectural pattern

Xingjiao temple is now composed of three parts: hall, Scripture building and pagoda.

The central axis of the temple connects the mountain gate, bell and Drum Tower, main hall, Dharma hall and reclining Buddha Hall, forming the main building of the temple.

Cultural relics

overview

Xingjiao temple is a key cultural relic protection unit in China. It contains a bronze Buddha statue of the Ming Dynasty and a jade Buddha statue of Myanmar, dozens of murals during the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, and thousands of scriptures. The most valuable cultural relic is the famous Xingjiao Temple Pagoda.

Xingjiao Temple Pagoda is the collective name of Xuanzang relic pagoda, peeping base relic pagoda and Yuance relic pagoda. The three pagodas are located in the courtyard of Ci'en pagoda of Xingjiao temple. The highest one in the middle is Xuanzang relic pagoda built in the second year of Emperor Gaozong's reign (669), and there is a shorter brick pagoda on the left and right. On the west side is Xuanzang disciple's peeping base relic pagoda built in the first year of emperor Yongchun's reign (682), and on the east side is Xuanzang relic pagoda built in the fifth year of Emperor Huizong's reign (1115)

Chinese PinYin : Xing Jiao Si