Changping battle site

Changping ancient battlefield site

synonym

The Changping war site generally refers to the Changping ancient battlefield site

The site of the battle of Changping is located in Changping village, 10 kilometers north of Gaoping City, Jincheng, Shanxi Province. Now it is a key cultural relic protection unit in Shanxi Province. The site covers a wide area, with a width of about 10 km, starting from Guogu mountain and Ma'an gully in the west, hongjiagou and Xing Village in the East, and about 30 km from Danzhuling mountain in the north and Mishan town in the south. The river valleys between the East and West Mountains and on both sides of the Danhe River are key protected areas.

geographical position

Gu Changping is in Changping village, 10 kilometers north of Gaoping City, Jincheng. In the spring and Autumn period, Gaoping was called the surname Yu, and in the Warring States period, it was changed to Changping. This is the birthplace of the primitive civilization of the Chinese nation. It is said that the first ancestor of the Chinese nation, Emperor Yan, lived in the southeast of Shanxi Province. After his death, he was buried in Zhuangli village in the southeast of Yangtou mountain. It is the tomb of Emperor Yan Shennong. Gaoping is surrounded by mountains on three sides, and Danhe river runs through the whole territory from north to south. With high mountains and dangerous terrain, it has always been a must for military strategists. The battle of Changping covered more than half of Gaoping, involving more than 50 mountains, valleys, passes, roads, villages and towns.

Historical records

In the late Warring States period, Qi, Chu, Han, Wei, Zhao and Yan became weak one after another. The powerful state of Qin was ambitious and began to implement the plan of unifying the six states. In 266 BC, fan Ju, the Prime Minister of Qin Dynasty, put forward the strategic idea of "long-range and short-range attack". In 262 BC, the state of Qin launched a war against South Korea. In 260 BC, the war of Changping began. The war went through several stages, such as Shangdang's return to Zhao, Lianpo's confrontation with Qin Jianbi, Qin envoys' rebellion, Zhao Xiaocheng's change of general Yi Shuai, Bai Qiyin's envoys Changping, and Zhao Kuo's encirclement. Finally, Qin defeated Zhao. Qin general Baiqi slaughtered more than 400000 Zhao soldiers, with corpses all over the place, heads in mountains and rivers of blood. It has become the most cruel battle to kill prisoners of war in the history of ancient and modern Chinese and foreign wars. In this war, Qin won a decisive victory, which laid a solid foundation for the later unification of the six countries. Therefore, the war is of great significance to the study of the political, economic, cultural and military changes in the late Warring States period and the Qin Dynasty's unification of China.

Major relics

Yonglu bone pit

In 1995, great progress was made in the archaeological work of the battle of Changping in Gaoping City. There were many important discoveries. A bone pit was found in Yonglu village. A large number of bones and cultural relics such as knife coins, cloth coins, half Liang, arrows and hooks were unearthed, which provided important material for the study of the battle of Changping. Some of the bones in pit No.1 are heavily stacked and crisscrossed, and some of the arms and thighs are obviously broken, so they should be cut with knives. In some cases, arrows are left in the chest, while in others, only the trunk is seen without the head. All these indicate that they were buried after being killed. In addition, this pit and the nearby No. 2 pit are deep pits, which look more like natural deep gullies than those dug by the Qin army for burying the bodies of prisoners of war. Therefore, the author raises an objection to the theory of "Baiqi Keng Zhao" for thousands of years.

Skeleton Temple

Gukou village is located 2.5 kilometers west of the city. It is said that there were 400000 deaths of Qin general baiqikeng in the Warring States period. According to the records of Keng Zhao in Gaoping County annals, "Zhao Kuo took advantage of the victory to pursue the wall of Qin Dynasty, which is the unjust valley of the Province today. The valley is surrounded by mountains, and only one way can accommodate chariots and horses. The shape of the valley is like a cloth bag. Zhao's soldiers entered the valley, but the battle was not good, so they built a fortress and stuck to it. After that, Zhao Kuo went out to fight, shot and killed him with Qin, and sent 400000 people to Wu'an to lure him into the valley. " Because there are too many murders here, the common people call it shagu. The emperor of the Tang Dynasty visited Xingze and Lu counties. When he passed Gaoping, he saw that the head looked like a mountain. So he ordered the officials to choose a skull temple, which was divided into the main hall and the East and West ear hall. The mountain in the south of the village was changed into skull mountain, and the valley of killing was called the valley of saving injustice. The skeleton Temple offered sacrifices to the ancestors of the four hundred thousand dead.

The temple was first built in the Tang Dynasty and has been repaired in the later dynasties. There are inscriptions on the rebuilding of the skeleton temple in the 37th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1609) and the 10th year of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty (1884).

Light wolf City

The city of light wolf is now called Kangying. Located 7 kilometers southwest of the city, it is said that before the Changping war, Feng Ting, the supreme Minister of the Shangdang Party of South Korea, once regarded it as an important town to fight against the Qin army. Later, after the Qin army defeated guanglang City, in order to show the prestige of its powerful soldiers, it was renamed QiangYing. Kangying was named after Tang Dynasty.

Anzhenburg

Anzhenbao, also known as anzhenzhai, is located in Zhaishang village, 8.5 kilometers west of the city. It is under the jurisdiction of xiamayou village, the original village. It was named after the wish. Its construction date is unknown. It was rebuilt in May of the 23rd year of Daoguang (1843).

Anzhenbao, with a total construction area of 5850 square meters, is rectangular in shape, grand and majestic in scale. Guanyin hall in the village has a gate tower in the north, and the mountain gate is opened from the downstairs. There are two rows of buildings, about 130 rooms. A small city building in the South is the main building. The gate tower faces south in the north, and a bungalow is built in the middle on the observation platform. The building is unique. On the gate of the city, the words "Cui embraces the Golden Vase" are written. When you step on the stage and look around, you can have a panoramic view of the city. During the Changping war, Qin general Bai Qi once set up a command post here.

Qin Lei

According to the records of Gaoping County annals written by Qianlong of Qing Dynasty, the ruins of Changping war are as follows: "the left and right sides of the city are along the mountains, 50 Li from the north to the south, and more than 20 Li from the east to the West. It can be seen that the war took place in the middle of the north of the city, between the East and West Mountains, and in the valley area near Danhe River, that is, from Zhaozhuang Township in the north to the south of Chengguan, from tuanchei Township and Mishan town in the east to Fushan Township, YeChuan Township and Macun town in the west, with a radius of more than 40 kilometers. Both of them were garrisons of the Qin and Zhao armies. It has open terrain, abundant water resources, many villages, concentrated population, undulating mountains and gullies, which can be attacked when entering and defended when retreating. Although this campaign has lasted more than 2200 years, there are still many village names and place names related to it.

Site culture

Although it has a history of more than 2200 years, many beautiful stories and legends are still widely spread. Many place names and village names are related to the war, such as Kangying, gukou, besieged city, arrow, qijiayuan, Sanjia, Zhaozhuang, Yaoyao, etc. Many sites such as the Great Wall (also known as qinlei), yingfangling, kongcangling, baiqitai, guogushan, jiangjunling and lianpotun still exist. The Great Wall built by the Qin army to cut off the grain roads and reinforcements of the Zhao army starts from Danzhuling in the west, passes through guanheling and yangtoushan, and ends at Ma'anshan in Lingchuan. The site is still visible today. It is said that the besieged village was the place where the Zhao army was besieged by the Qin army, and Zhao Kuo died here. Zhaozhuang village is said to be in ruins after the Changping war. After Zhao Kuo died, the local people stole his body back and buried it on erxianling in the north of the village. In order to make future generations remember the state of Zhao, they renamed it Zhaozhuang. The idiom "talking about soldiers on paper" refers to Zhao Kuo's dogmatism. Gukou village is said to be the place where baiqikeng killed the Zhao army. Therefore, gukou village, also known as shagu, kutou and Shengyuan Valley, is located 5 kilometers west of Gaoping City. There are baiqitai, skeleton mountain, skeleton king temple and other historic sites in the village.

The skeleton king temple was first built in the Tang Dynasty. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty once toured here and saw that white bones were everywhere, and the head was a mountain. So he built the skeleton King Temple beside the head mountain, "select the giant in the skeleton, and erect a statue to seal the king of the skeleton.". At present, the skeleton king temple is a relic of the Qing Dynasty, in which there are statues of Zhao Kuo and his wife. Yu Dazhen, a poet of the Ming Dynasty, wrote: "the origin of this place is the battlefield. The plain sand is desolate and the wild is vast. Constant more wind and rain, ghost cry, such as in the ancient temple of Yingling. Zhao will spare thousands of years of hate, Qin soldiers, what's the meaning of the death? I don't believe that there is a king in the skeleton. " Every tourist in Gaoping has to visit the skeleton king temple to appreciate the magnificent scene of the ancient battlefield of Changping.

At the site of the battle of Changping, there are many relics unearthed, such as spears, spears and arrows. In recent years, great progress has been made in the archaeological work of the battle of Changping in Gaoping City, with many important discoveries. In May 1995, a bone pit was found in Yonglu village. A large number of bones and cultural relics, such as knife coins, cloth coins, half Liang, arrows and hooks, were unearthed from the pit just below jiangjunling, providing important material materials for the study of the battle of Changping. This bone pit has been protected in situ and will soon be open to tourists.

archaeological excavation

On October 20, 1995, the archaeological excavation of the Changping war site officially began. The archaeologists carefully peeled off the topsoil layer by layer. After several days and nights of work, they finally excavated the 5-meter-wide and 11 meter long bone pit. They designated the pit as No.1 bone pit in jiangjunling. The archaeologists also carried the most advanced radiographic method in the world, and found a large bone Pit 3 to 4 meters wide and 55 meters long on the west side of Pit 1, which they designated as pit 2.

The excavation work was mainly carried out in Pit 1. After more than a month's intensive work, most of the bones in the upper layer of Pit 1 have been cleaned up. In this layer alone, more than 60 skulls were excavated. Because it was too cold to dig any more, more than 100 corpses of Zhao officers and soldiers were buried in this pit. This pit and the nearby No.2 pit are deep pits, not like the one dug by the Qin army for burying the corpses of prisoners of war, but more like a natural ravine. At that time, the Qin army threw the bodies of prisoners into the ditch and covered them with a thin layer of soil. It was only after more than 2000 years of vicissitudes that these bones were buried in the ground.

After Qin Dynasty, a lot of historical records used the saying of "Bai Qi Keng Zhao" in recording the war of Changping. Pit, in ancient Chinese

Chinese PinYin : Zhang Ping Zhi Zhan Yi Zhi