tomb

Mausoleum of Qing Dynasty

synonym

Mausoleum generally refers to the mausoleum of Qing Dynasty

The mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty is the tomb of Aixinjueluo minning, Emperor Daoguang, niuhulu, empress xiaomucheng, Tongjia, empress xiaoshencheng, and niuhulu, empress xiaoquancheng. It is located in longquanyu, 15 kilometers southwest of Changling of the Western Qing Dynasty. In the eastern and Western mausoleums of the Qing Dynasty, the regulation of the mausoleum is relatively special, which basically does not comply with the ancestral mausoleum system, and simplifies some of the original regulations of the Qing Dynasty mausoleum. It is the smallest mausoleum in the Qing Dynasty, without Fangcheng and minglou.

Orientation and scale

The mausoleum in minning of Aixinjueluo, Emperor Daoguang, is located in longquanyu, 15 kilometers southwest of Changling. In the eastern and Western mausoleums of the Qing Dynasty, the regulation of the mausoleum is relatively special, which basically does not comply with the ancestral mausoleum system, and simplifies some of the original regulations of the Qing Dynasty mausoleum. It is the smallest mausoleum in the Qing Dynasty, without Fangcheng and minglou.

The mausoleum is located in the west of Tai mausoleum and Chang mausoleum, far away from the two mausoleums. It is the mausoleum of Emperor Xuanzong of the Qing Dynasty - Aixinjueluo minning, or Emperor Daoguang. Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty Later, the mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty emperor should be selected according to the order of Zhaomu in the Western mausoleum and the eastern mausoleum. His father was buried in the Western mausoleum, and his son was buried in the eastern mausoleum. The mausoleum of Emperor Daoguang should be built in the eastern mausoleum according to the system. However, the mausoleum of Emperor Daoguang in the eastern mausoleum seeped water and soaked the coffin of empress Xiaomu. Emperor Daoguang was very angry and ordered to find another auspicious place in the Western mausoleum The mausoleum was moved to Xiling. There are three empresses buried in the mausoleum, namely, empress xiaomucheng, empress xiaoshencheng and empress xiaoquancheng. Among them, empress xiaoquancheng was the biological mother of emperor Xianfeng.

character

Daoguang was a thrifty emperor for 30 years (1820-1850). It is said that he once went to court wearing patched trousers. The clothes you wear will not be changed without washing for three times.

The mausoleum is very special, which is different from other mausoleums. It is the unique work of Emperor Daoguang. Mu mausoleum is the most distinctive example of the mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty, with its exquisite architectural model, elegant architectural style and exquisite nanmu Dragon carving. The brown color of Nanmu after waxing, the gray and yellow wall, with blue sky and white clouds, green trees and golden roof, elegant and solemn, pure and clear, has a mysterious, simple and detached bearing.

structure

To the north of the Shinto stele Pavilion is the Shinto bridge. Instead of following the Convention of three roads and three holes, Muling has become an arch bridge with a flat bridge on both sides. In the north of the bridge, there are one East-West facing house and one west facing house. The front porch is three rooms wide, but the depth is reduced to two rooms. There is a class room in the north of the court room. Longen gate is built on a stone xumizuo, with a five room wide surface covered with gold bricks and a single eaves covered with yellow glazed tiles. There are three gates in the middle. There is no stove in the gate. The East and west side halls are small, with only three rooms wide and two rooms deep. The front porch and single eaves rest on the top of the mountain.

Longen hall is the most special one. It has changed the custom of five rooms in width to three rooms in depth. It has changed from double eaves to single eaves. There are corridors around the hall. The platform and the railings around the hall and the carved dragon heads are removed. Only two bronze stoves are set on the platform, not deer and crane. There are two stone buildings and one Jialiang in the East and West corners of the platform. The three rooms in the front of the hall are open, the middle of the East and west sides of the hall are open, and the rest are closed by brick walls.

All the wood components of longen hall and dongxipei hall are made of precious Phoebe. The cost is amazing. It is not decorated with color painting. Based on the natural color of Phoebe, its ceiling, group boards, tapering boards, queti and other places have changed the traditional jinlianshui draft. Instead, thousands of Yunlong, Youlong and Panlong are carved with high relief and openwork (there are 714 wooden dragons in longen hall alone). There are 1318 wooden dragons in the three halls The article has become a unique art treasure in the mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty. Only the Danbo Jingcheng Hall of Chengde summer resort is the same as it.

Daoguang believed that the reason why baohuayu underground palace was flooded was because the dragons drilled holes and vomited water from the mouth of the dragon. If the dragon was invited to heaven, the dragon would fight for water in the sky instead of vomit water to the underground palace. Therefore, he ordered thousands of skilled craftsmen to carve many dragons out of Phoebe. The caisson, doors and windows, sparrow, partition and other places covered with the ceiling created the scene of many dragons fighting for water. The hardness of Phoebe is very high, so it has not been repaired so far. There are three warm pavilions in the north of longen hall. The middle warm pavilions are dedicated to the God cards of Daoguang emperor, the West warm pavilions are dedicated to the God cards of three queens, and the East warm pavilions are dedicated to the storage of edicts.

Behind the main hall is a jade belt river, on which three blue and white stone bridges are built, and only the middle road bridge is equipped with railings. To the north is a white marble archway with three rooms, four pillars and three floors, replacing the traditional three gates. There are walls on both sides of the stone archway. On the front side of the middle door of the archway, there are three inscriptions of "Muling" written in Mongolian and Chinese. On the back side, there are Chinese inscriptions: "Emperor Xuanzong becomes the emperor's Zhubi legacy: look to the northeast, admire forever, the clouds and mountains are close, and woo, their admiration and admiration! After the death of Emperor Daoguang, Wenzong reread the Edict and named it "Muling", which expresses the children's "lifelong admiration" for their parents. However, there is no word "Mu" in the posthumous title. On the left and right sides of the archway, there is a dragon and phoenix pattern, with one dragon in the middle and two phoenixes on the side. The whole archway is 12.2 meters wide.

Shiwugong is the same as other imperial tombs, followed by yiyuetai, which is 45.4 meters wide. On it, a platform foundation is built, which is 1.92 meters high, with three steps in front, all of which are 12 steps. There will be no Fangcheng, minglou and Baocheng. There is a royal road behind the foundation. At the end of the road is a square platform with a side length of 38.47 meters. On the platform, the center of xumizuo is a round top, and below it is the underground palace. The glazed tile top of the underground palace is cancelled, and only the green and white stone is used to close the Dragon top. The top is covered with city bricks, and then the top is covered with sanhetu. The underground palace is deliberately simple, with five coupons and two doors: tunnel coupons, cover coupons, door coupons, catalpa coupons and gold coupons, which are equivalent to the level of the Queen's underground palace. After Wen Zong succeeded to the throne, he planned to build Fangcheng, minglou and Baocheng, but later he gave up because of financial exhaustion.

Construction history

The mausoleum was built from 1832 to 1836. It was built under the leadership of the minister mu zhang'a, who was very popular for a time. In the site selection, Mu mausoleum chose longquanyu, the place of Gaoping, to learn from the water seepage of baohuayu mausoleum in Dongling mausoleum. According to the purpose of "always focus on reaching the United States, not on the magnificence of the palace, but on extravagance", in view of the limitation of the terrain, Daoguang made bold reform and innovation on the architectural regulation of the Mausoleum: the scale of the mausoleum was significantly reduced. Large scale buildings such as the great stele tower, the stone statue, the two pillar gate, the square city and the Ming tower were abolished.

There are only 27 buildings, covering an area of 45.6 mu, which is 80 mu smaller than that of the Tai mausoleum.

At first, it was selected in the Dongling mausoleum. Later, it was rebuilt in the Xiling mausoleum because it was found that the underground palace was flooded. Daoguang thinks that the water in the underground palace may be caused by the dragons drilling holes and spitting water from the mouth of the dragon. If the dragons were moved to the ceiling, they would not spit water in the underground palace. So in the Xiling, many dragons were carved out of Phoebe and covered with the ceiling and caisson, creating the momentum of "dragon gathering, dragon mouth fragrance". Therefore, the long'en hall in Muling is unique. Not only are there dragons in every small square on the ceiling, but also Liang Fang and que Ti are all Youlong and Panlong carved from nanmu. The surface is not decorated with oil paint to keep the original color of logs. These dragons open their mouths and puff their clouds. As soon as the door is opened, the smell of Phoebe will come.

Although the appearance of the mausoleum remains "thrifty", its material structure is extremely exquisite. The traditional method of building grey bricks on the upper body, brushing red mortar and laying dry on the lower shoulder is changed. The exquisite stone archway is used to replace the glazed door. What is particularly amazing is that all the wooden components of the longen hall and the East-West Hall of Muling are made of precious Phoebe. The cost is amazing. In addition, the experience of two constructions and one demolition shows that it is very expensive It took 4.4 million taels of silver to build the mausoleum twice, more than any mausoleum in the Western mausoleum.

Stele tower

Due to the failure of the Opium War, Emperor Daoguang was "ashamed of his ancestors" and "ashamed of the common people in the world", so he ordered to cancel the sacred virtue steles and stone statues. To the north of Wukong bridge is the dragon and Phoenix gate, which is the same as Xiaoling, tailing and Changling, but slightly smaller. To the north of longfengmen, there are Xiama steles, one in the East and one in the West. The Shinto stele Pavilion is small in size. The front of the stele is engraved with the posthumous title of Xuanzong. On the back, according to Daoguang's will, there is an inscription written by Emperor Xianfeng to record Xuanzong's life. This is unique in the mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty. In fact, it has the function of holy virtue stele.

Destructed opium in Humen, the queen of England ordered the British fleet to enter the waters of China in a very turbulent way. The first Opium War broke out. Because Lin Zexu and others resisted bravely in Guangdong, the British army was frustrated. Had to turn north to capture Dinghai, Tianjin Dagukou direct. Emperor Daoguang was so scared that he sent Qishan to Tianjin to apologize to the British army. After listening to Qishan's promise, the British army had to return to the South because the weather was getting colder and they were worried about the freezing of the port. At the same time, mu zhanga, Qi Shan and other capitulationists begged for mercy from the British army, and slandered the resistance faction in front of Emperor Daoguang. He even falsely accused Lin Zexu of exchanging documents with the queen of England in order to kill him. The fatuous Emperor Daoguang believed in lies, so he changed Qishan to be the imperial envoy, and ordered Lin Zexu and Deng Tingzhen to be punished by the Ministry of punishment. In this way, because of Emperor Daoguang's confusion of right and wrong, his loyal ministers were patriotic, but they were denounced, treacherous and treacherous, and were highly appreciated, which laid the foundation for the humiliation of the Chinese nation

Chinese PinYin : Mu Ling