Xuande gate

Xuande gate

The main gate of Bianjing palace in the Northern Song Dynasty was called Mingde gate in the early Song Dynasty. It was changed into Danfeng gate in the third year of Taiping Xingguo, Qianyuan gate in the first year of Yongxi, Zhengyang gate in the eighth year of dazhongxiangfu, and Xuande gate in the second year of Mingdao. The gate is composed of the main city gate, two towers and two palaces. The plane of the gate is concave. It is an important part of the evolution of the shape of the gate of the ancient capital of China. It has an impact on the shape of the gate of the Imperial Palace in the later capital of Jinzhong, Dadu of Yuan Dynasty and Beijing of Ming and Qing Dynasties.

brief introduction

Xuande gate originated from Gujiao gate of bianzhou city in Tang Dynasty. After five dynasties until the Northern Song Dynasty, there were three or five gateways instead of two. The tall gate tower is not only a place to show the supremacy of imperial power, but also a stage to perform "the common happiness of the monarch and the people" in the Northern Song Dynasty. Chengmen site is located at Xinjiekou, Kaifeng City.

archaeological excavation

Imperial City, also known as Imperial Palace, Imperial Palace, Imperial Palace, Imperial Palace and imperial palace, is the place where the emperor's chambers and palaces were located in the Northern Song Dynasty. After archaeological exploration and excavation, we have found out the general scope and shape of the song Imperial City, which is roughly located in the area of Panhu and Yanghu in front of today's Longting hall in Kaifeng. The actual measurement shows that the imperial city is a rectangle with a slightly shorter east-west and a slightly longer north-south. The total length of the four walls is about 4280 meters. In the mid-1980s, Kaifeng cultural relics and Archaeology team explored an early Gate site near Xinjiekou in today's Kaifeng. After exploration and verification in the 1990s, the gate site is xuandemen site.

Documentation

1. The Nuo dance of Kaifeng in the Northern Song Dynasty, together with "La sacrifice" and "Yu sacrifice" are called "three sacrifices". In the Nuo dance ceremony, the ghosts who were expelled also had a formal object, which was called "Gaoyang had three sons in ancient times, who were born and died to be epidemic ghosts.". Two live in the river for malaria, one live in the corner of the palace area, good shock children. So in December of the first year, he ordered the sacrificial officials to hold Nuo to get rid of the epidemic ghosts. At that time (at the end of Maoshi, the last day of the lunar month), there will be about 500 to 700 people from Xuande gate of the imperial palace of the Northern Song Dynasty. From zuoyemen and youyemen, there are two Nuo ceremony teams, 200 to 300 each. The main team was led out of Xuande gate by Taoists, and went south along the royal road to Zhuque gate. There are golden and white robes, armed with guns and flags, majestic generals, and also ugly, fat and big judges with life and death books. Among them are ox heads and horse faces. The enchanting ghosts jump up and down, and the kitchen god is vivid. The East deputy team, headed by the pretty face of Zhong Kui, led the team to Wangchun gate in the East, turned south along the inner city wall, passed Lijing gate, and then passed Baokang gate in the west to join the main team waiting at Zhuque gate. The West deputy team, led by Shencha and Yulei, went west to changhemen, turned south along the inner city wall, passed yiqiumen, and then passed chongmingmen to meet the main team. Some scholars believe that (the word "Nuo" and "Nuo" are homophonic, and the word "Nuo" in the dancer's mouth means to let the fierce ghost move away), and the exorcism ceremony is held behind the Nanxun gate, that is, the ghost is sent out of the city, and the ceremony ends.

2. Songduyu street is located in the north section of Zhongshan Road in Kaifeng City. It is a Song Dynasty imitation commercial street built in 1988 to reproduce the style of songduyu street. In the Northern Song Dynasty, the imperial street in Tokyo started from Xuande gate of Imperial Palace in the north, and went directly to Nanxun gate of outer city through Zhouqiao and Zhuque gate. More than ten li long and 200 steps wide, it was the main street for the emperor to drive in and out, showing his dignity. The newly built Yujie was built on the site of the original Yujie, with a total length of more than 400 meters from Xinjiekou in the south to wuchaomen in the north. It's the epitome of Tokyo dream.

From Xuande gate to Zhouqiao, on both sides of the royal title are jingling East West Palace, Dasheng mansion, Taichang temple, Xiangguo Temple and other important buildings. Only a few private houses are owned by either ministers or nobles. In the early days of the founding of the people's Republic of China, song Taizu built the first place for General Guo Jin in the east of Yujie, as a reward for his defending Khitan for more than ten years. According to Meng Yuanlao's "menghualu in Tokyo", every morning, on this section of Yujie street, peddlers who sell food and medicine in the morning market "CHANT" baiduan ", interweave into a sound of peddling.

3. In the third year of Jianlong's reign, the imperial city was built and expanded to more than seven Li in the Five Dynasties, but it was still built with earth walls. It was only in the time of emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty that it was built with bricks. The imperial city has six gates. South three gates: the main gate is in the middle, which is called Xuande gate, also known as Xuande building. It is a symbol of the emperor's power and dignity. The building is elegant and majestic. According to the records of menghualu in Tokyo, "there are five doors in Xuande building, the main entrance of the inner city. The doors are all gold nailed with vermilion paint, and the walls are all made of brick and stone. Engraved dragon and phoenix flying clouds, could it be carved painting. Jun Jue layer, covered with glazed tiles, Quchi flower floor, Zhulan color sill. The following two pavilions are opposite. " There is a Yemen in the East and a Yemen in the West. The east gate is called Donghua gate, the west gate is Xihua gate, and the north gate is Gongchen gate.

4. The main streets of Tokyo city are the streets leading to each gate: from Xuande gate to Nanxun gate; from Xuande gate to tushizi in the East, then to Yongtai gate through Fengqiu gate in the north; from Zhouqiao gate to Lijing gate in the East; from Zhouqiao gate to Shuntian gate in the west through Yiqiu gate. These four streets were called "Royal Roads" and passed by the emperor. The streets of Tokyo City vary in width. The imperial street in front of Xuande gate is more than 200 steps wide, about 300 meters today. In fact, it is a place in front of the palace where people from the old Xu City bought and sold goods. During this period, they were forbidden by their own government and lawsuits. They set up two lines of black lacquer forks and two lines of red lacquer forks in the middle of the road. The central street is not allowed to be crossed by people and horses. All pedestrians are outside of Zhu quanzi under the corridor. "Other streets are 25 to 50 steps wide. After the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty, due to the increasingly serious phenomenon of "street invasion", the streets were not as wide as they had been.

5. "Song History Volume 85 · Zhi No. 38 · geography 1" Tokyo, Kaifeng of Bian. Liang was the capital of the East, after the Tang Dynasty, Jin was restored to Tokyo, and song was the capital of the Zhou Dynasty. In the third year of Jianlong's reign, in the north and east corner of guanghuang City, the imperial palace of Luoyang was ordered to be painted. In the third year of the reign of emperor Yongxi, Liu Yanhan, the commander in front of the Imperial Palace, wanted to expand the palace city, and so on. The palace city is surrounded by five li. Nansanmen: in the middle, it was called Qianyuan. In the early Song Dynasty, it was named Mingde according to the old Liang and Jin Dynasties. It was changed into Danfeng in the third year of Taiping and Xingguo, Zhengyang in the eighth year of dazhongxiangfu and Xuande in the second year of Mingdao. In the first year of Yongxi reign, it was renamed zuoye in the East and Youye in the West. The East and West are called Donghua and Xihua. The old names Kuanren and Shenshou were changed to the present in the third year of Kaibao. In the 10th year of Xining reign, Donghuamen was changed to the north, which was called xumen. The north gate is called Gongchen. The old name was Xuanwu, and the name was changed in the fifth year of Dazhong Xiangfu. In the 10th year of Xining reign, the xihengmen gate was changed to Linhua. Inside the Qianyuan gate, the south gate is called Daqing, and the East-West gate is called left and right Shenglong. The two gates in the left and right north gates are called left and right Changqing. Between Xining, the two gates are changed to left and right Changqing, and the other gates are called left and right Jiasu. Left and right bank. A gate in Donghua gate was named zuocheng Tianxiang Fu in the sixth year of Qiande. In the first month of the first year of Dazhong Xiangfu, a letter from heaven came down on it and added the word "Xiangfu" to repair it. One gate in Xihua gate is called youchengtian. The north gate of the inner road of the left Chengtian gate is called Xuanyou. The old name of Guangtian was changed to Daning in the eighth year of Dazhong Xiangfu, and the present name was changed in the first year of Mingdao.

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